學(xué)習(xí)如何寫說明文三篇
篇一：學(xué)習(xí)寫說明文
說明文是一種以說明為主要表達(dá)方式，介紹事物，闡明事理的文章。常見的說明文有說明書，解說詞，科學(xué)小品（又名知識(shí)小品）等。
說明文的主要特點(diǎn)有：說明的中心要鮮明突出；抓住事物的主要特征和事物的本質(zhì)，正確客觀地對(duì)事物進(jìn)行介紹、說明，具有很強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性。根據(jù)事物本身的條理，或按事物的時(shí)間順序說明事物，或按方位順序說明事物，或按性質(zhì)類別說明事物，或按成長(zhǎng)規(guī)律說明事物??富有條理性；語言力求準(zhǔn)確、簡(jiǎn)明、通俗、生動(dòng)。
說明文常見的說明方法有：下定義，分種類，打比方，舉實(shí)例，列數(shù)字，作比較，引資料等等。說明文以說明作為最主要的表達(dá)方式，在說明中適當(dāng)運(yùn)用記敘或描寫成分，采用比喻，擬人等修辭手法，可以引起讀者的興趣，增強(qiáng)說明內(nèi)容的具體性和生動(dòng)性。
說明文根據(jù)說明的對(duì)象不同可以分作兩大類：一類是說明具體事物的，包括說明事物的特征的，也包括說明事物的變化；另一類是闡明抽象事理的。
下面根據(jù)說明文的不同類別，分別介紹寫說明文的方法。
【范例解析】
一、說明具體事物的說明文。
題目：《我的筆記本電腦》
我家有一臺(tái)聯(lián)想筆記本電腦，長(zhǎng)約30厘米，寬約24厘米，厚約6厘米，和一本大筆記本差不多。它雖然是電腦的微縮型，但價(jià)格可比普通電腦貴了差不多一倍，可功能卻一點(diǎn)都不少。
筆記本電腦通體漆黑，像一塊黑綢緞一樣。面板上有一塊legend的聯(lián)想標(biāo)志閃閃發(fā)光。主體四周有一些可以打開的小門，可以放入軟盤、光盤；還有許多輸入，輸出口，可以插入電線，連接許多復(fù)雜的小配件，如穩(wěn)壓電源，耳機(jī)，“貓”（調(diào)制解調(diào)器）等。
打開蓋板，只見蓋板里面一塊微型液晶板映入眼簾，原來這就是顯示器。主體上面是排列非常緊湊的鍵盤，鍵盤的下方有一個(gè)感應(yīng)器，具有鼠標(biāo)的功能。鍵盤的上面有兩個(gè)喇叭，以至電腦的背景音樂十分宏亮。左側(cè)面還有一個(gè)開關(guān)，這是電源總開關(guān)，控制著電腦的開和關(guān)。右側(cè)面還有一個(gè)插口，是鼠標(biāo)插入的地方。 我非常愛用它來休閑。打開它，我就有一種新鮮感。用鼠標(biāo)在因特網(wǎng)上漫游，可以看到很多奇妙的趣文，十分舒坦。它還能幫助我學(xué)習(xí)文化知識(shí)。記得有一次，我在做數(shù)學(xué)題時(shí)，遇到了一道難題，便請(qǐng)教這位“老師”。它先“講”出解題的思路，然后列出幾種解題算式。讓你選擇一種正確的。你如果答得好，它還會(huì)放一段動(dòng)畫片獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)你呢！有時(shí)我也玩游戲，一個(gè)人太沒意思了，它就會(huì)和我“并肩戰(zhàn)斗”。
這個(gè)電腦可以儲(chǔ)電，因?yàn)橹黧w體中有蓄電池。白天不在家，就插上插頭，給它補(bǔ)補(bǔ)“力氣”，也挺有趣的。充滿電的它無需電源插頭，直接可以使用。與普通電腦相比，它體積小，便于攜帶，所以人們稱它“便攜式電腦”。
筆記本電腦是我的好老師，也是我的好伙伴，更是世界高科技發(fā)展的象征。
【評(píng)析】 這是一篇介紹電腦的說明文。文章抓住筆記本電腦體積小，攜帶方便的特點(diǎn)，按由表及里的順序，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用了多種說明方法，清楚明白地說明了筆記本電腦的構(gòu)造，功能及操作使用方法，條理清晰，具體生動(dòng)。
篇二：電腦說明文
電腦
五年級(jí) 陳麗媛
提起電腦，相信大家都非常熟悉。電腦又叫電子計(jì)算機(jī)。如今，隨著科技的發(fā)展，電腦已走進(jìn)千家萬戶。
電腦一般分為兩大類；一類是個(gè)人電腦，個(gè)人電腦有臺(tái)式的，筆記本的，最新式的是平板的。另一類是超級(jí)電腦，每秒的運(yùn)算速度在億次以上，主要用在銀行、科研、軍事等方面。
電腦由硬件系統(tǒng)和軟件系統(tǒng)組成。電腦的硬件系統(tǒng)主要由主機(jī)、顯示器、鍵盤、鼠標(biāo)、音箱、攝像頭等組成。主機(jī)就是電腦的主管，就像我們的頭腦，控制著電腦每天的工作。顯示器就像我們的眼睛，把所有工作的成果展示給我們看。鍵盤上有26個(gè)英文字母鍵，方向鍵，數(shù)字鍵和幾個(gè)重要按鍵，是電腦主要的輸入設(shè)備。鼠標(biāo)就像一只老鼠似的扒在桌子上，可是作用非常大，可以靈活地指揮各種應(yīng)用程序。音箱可以帶領(lǐng)我們進(jìn)入美妙的音樂世界。攝像頭可以讓我們足不出戶，與世界各地的人們交流。電腦的軟件系統(tǒng)分為兩類；一類是操作系統(tǒng)軟件，主要有windows操作系統(tǒng)和Linux操作系統(tǒng)等，最原始的是dos操作系統(tǒng)。它們是計(jì)算機(jī)底層的系統(tǒng)軟件，負(fù)責(zé)管理、調(diào)度、指揮計(jì)算機(jī)的軟硬件資源使其協(xié)調(diào)工作，沒有它，任何計(jì)算機(jī)都無法正常運(yùn)行。它在資源使用者和資源之間充當(dāng)中間人的角色，舉個(gè)例子，一個(gè)用戶（也可以是程序）將一個(gè)文件存盤，操作系統(tǒng)就會(huì)開始工作：管理磁盤空間的分配，將要保存的信息由內(nèi)存寫到磁盤等。當(dāng)用戶要運(yùn)行一個(gè)程序時(shí)，操作系統(tǒng)必須先將程序載入內(nèi)存，當(dāng)程序執(zhí)行時(shí)，操作系統(tǒng)會(huì)讓程序使用CPU。另一類是應(yīng)用軟件，可以辦公，也可以游戲，還能保證安全等等。
電腦的用途很多：可以上網(wǎng)，例如聊天、發(fā)郵件、聽音樂，玩游戲、登Q、查資料等；可以管理資料，比如學(xué)校的圖書室里的電腦是用來登記圖書借出去情況的；可以記帳，比如超市里的計(jì)算機(jī)，就是拿來記帳的；還可以控制生產(chǎn)，比如水泥廠里的電腦能自動(dòng)控制生產(chǎn)。瞧，電腦真是各方面的能人！
電腦與人們的生活息息相關(guān)，讓人們的生活變得更美好。
指導(dǎo)老師 林蔚文
篇三：說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式用來說明事物
說明文是以說明為主要表達(dá)方式用來說明事物，闡明事理的一種文體。它通過揭示概念來說明事物的特征、本質(zhì)及其規(guī)律性，給人準(zhǔn)確的科學(xué)知識(shí)或正確思想。一般可分為實(shí)體事物說明和抽象事物說明兩大類，詞典、教材、論文、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告、產(chǎn)品說明書、廣告、解說詞及科學(xué)小品等都屬于說明文。
按寫作方法,英語說明文主要分為下面六種類型
1.例證法 2.定義法 3.分類法 4.因果關(guān)系法 5.比較對(duì)照法 6.過程分析法
1.例證法
Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
這段主要是講能源問題。第一句為主題句,概括地說出"我們目前的生活很大程度上依賴能源"。接著用舉例的方法從三方面說明能源的作用。
2.定義法
An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
本段的展開是通過對(duì)"一個(gè)模范教師"下定義的方法,關(guān)鍵詞"ideal teacher"在文中多次重復(fù),能加深讀者的印象。
3.分類法
As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
本段把人按政治觀點(diǎn)分為三類:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和溫和派(moderate people),并對(duì)他們各自的特征進(jìn)行了簡(jiǎn)要的分析。
4.因果關(guān)系法
Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
第一句為本段主題句,末句是總結(jié)句。在主題句后, 作者用了四個(gè)句子闡述自己喜歡春天的理由。
5.比較對(duì)照法
I like having a twin sister. When she's happy, I'm happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she's going to say. Sometimes, I know what she's thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
這段采用AB交錯(cuò)的比較方式,闡述孿生姐妹的相同特征。這種寫法較流暢自然,給讀者的印象也更鮮明突出。
6.過程分析法
There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
這段分析了植樹過程中的幾個(gè)步驟。全段層次分明,連接詞語(first, second, third, finally)的使用加強(qiáng)了語句的連貫性。
Exercises
例１ 請(qǐng)根據(jù)Wang Hua 在學(xué)騎自行車時(shí)的幾個(gè)步驟，寫一篇短文，說明他是任何學(xué)會(huì)騎自行車的．
參考詞匯： handle-bars 自行車把手 pedal 踏板 saddle 車座
Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Let’s watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the bicycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward.
例2
請(qǐng)寫一篇短文介紹如何乘坐倫敦地鐵．
內(nèi)容提示如下：
1. 在售票處（booth)購買輔幣（token)需30便士．
2. 在入口處將輔幣投入狹孔（slot)，你就可以走下地鐵．
3. 在站臺(tái)等車時(shí)，要站在白線以外．注意你要去的方向．不要站錯(cuò)站臺(tái)．
4. 上下車應(yīng)迅速，因?yàn)檐囬T關(guān)閉很快．地鐵內(nèi)規(guī)定不準(zhǔn)吸煙．
注意：短文的意思要連貫． 字?jǐn)?shù)：100個(gè)左右．
If you want to travel by underground in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance, you can walk down the stairs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground.
例3
家用電腦體積下，價(jià)格低，造型優(yōu)美，簡(jiǎn)單易用，使用方便，靈活；可用于計(jì)算，記事，打電話，打印信件；兒童可用它來學(xué)英語，做游戲． 你通過家用電腦能學(xué)會(huì)怎樣使用微機(jī)；為將來尋找工作提供便利；電腦工作比人快數(shù)百倍；我們已經(jīng)得到電腦的巨大幫助． 請(qǐng)根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容寫一篇介紹家用電腦的說明文． 字?jǐn)?shù)120左右．
A Family Computer
A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by
computers.
例 4
請(qǐng)以The Importance of Trees 為題寫一篇短文，說明保護(hù)森林的必要性．
1. 說明樹木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水災(zāi)，旱災(zāi)；凈化空氣，美化生活．
2. 濫伐樹木的危害；無計(jì)劃砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水災(zāi)．
3. 每年都應(yīng)植樹造林，使其為人類更好服務(wù)等等．
字?jǐn)?shù)：100左右．
As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First, trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life.
Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importance of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They don’t know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods.
We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever.
例 5
根據(jù)下表格提供的信息，請(qǐng)你推薦兩本學(xué)中文的詞典．
Dear Steve,
I’m pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yuan, and XD costs 11 yuan.
Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries.
Yours, Li Yua
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