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陶淵明《歸去來(lái)兮辭》的兩種譯文比較
引導(dǎo)語(yǔ)：《歸去來(lái)兮辭》是陶淵明辭官歸隱之際與上流社會(huì)公開(kāi)決裂的政治宣言，下面是收集的《歸去來(lái)兮辭》原文的兩種譯文比較，我們一起閱讀學(xué)習(xí)其中的知識(shí)吧。
一、 關(guān)于陶淵明
陶淵明是漢魏南北朝800年間最杰出的詩(shī)人，也是杰出的辭賦家與散文家。陶詩(shī)今存125首，計(jì)四言詩(shī)9首，五言詩(shī)116首。陶文今存12篇，計(jì)有辭 賦3篇、韻文5篇、散文4篇。
陶淵明的文學(xué)對(duì)后代文學(xué)產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。李白更是仰慕陶淵明的人品和詩(shī)作。在《戲贈(zèng)鄭溧陽(yáng)》中寫道: 陶令日日醉，不知五柳春。素琴本無(wú)弦，漉酒用葛巾。清風(fēng)北窗下，自謂羲皇人。何時(shí)到栗里，一見(jiàn)平生親。李白那種“安能摧眉折腰事權(quán)貴”的思想，和陶淵明“不為五斗米折腰”的精神，是一脈相承的。杜甫在安史之亂之后，過(guò)著顛沛流離的生活，把陶淵明引為知己，他在《奉寄河南韋尹丈人》中寫道: 寬心應(yīng)是酒，譴興莫過(guò)詩(shī)。此意陶潛解，吾生后汝期。
《歸去來(lái)兮辭》是陶淵明辭官歸隱之際與上流社會(huì)公開(kāi)決裂的政治宣言。文章以絕大篇幅寫了他脫離官場(chǎng)的無(wú)限喜悅，想象歸隱田園后的無(wú)限樂(lè)趣，表現(xiàn)了作者對(duì)大自然和隱居生活的向往和熱愛(ài)。文章將敘事、議論、抒情巧妙地融為一體，創(chuàng)造出生動(dòng)自然、引人入勝的藝術(shù)境界;語(yǔ)言自然樸實(shí)，洗盡鉛華，帶有濃厚的鄉(xiāng)土氣息。
隨著中外文化交流日益加深，越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)優(yōu)秀文章被翻譯成英文。陶淵明的《歸去來(lái)兮辭》也被譯成不同版本。很出名的譯本有林語(yǔ)堂對(duì)《歸去來(lái)兮辭》的英譯。這些不同的譯本對(duì)原文有著各自獨(dú)特的詮釋，對(duì)這些譯文進(jìn)行比較式非常有意義的。這里收集了林語(yǔ)堂及另一匿名譯者的譯文并對(duì)這兩篇譯文進(jìn)行對(duì)比。
二、陶淵明《歸去來(lái)兮辭》原文
歸去來(lái)兮，田園將蕪胡不歸!既自以心為形役，奚惆悵而獨(dú)悲?悟已往之不諫，知來(lái)者之可追。實(shí)迷途其未遠(yuǎn)，覺(jué)今是而昨非。舟遙遙以輕飏，風(fēng)飄飄而吹衣。問(wèn)征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。 譯文對(duì)比
乃瞻衡宇，載欣載奔。僮仆歡迎，稚子候門。三徑就荒，松菊猶存。攜幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壺觴以自酌，眄庭柯以怡顏。倚南窗以寄傲，審容膝之易安。園日涉以成趣，門雖設(shè)而常關(guān)。策扶老以流憩，時(shí)矯首而遐觀。云無(wú)心以出岫，鳥(niǎo)倦飛而知還。景翳翳以將入，撫孤松而盤桓。
歸去來(lái)兮，請(qǐng)息交以絕遊。世與我而相違，復(fù)駕言兮焉求?悅親戚之情話，樂(lè)琴書以消憂。農(nóng)人告余以春及，將有事于西疇。或命巾車，或棹孤舟。既窈窕以尋壑，亦崎嶇而經(jīng)邱。木欣欣以向榮，泉涓涓而始流。善萬(wàn)物之得時(shí)，感吾生之行休。
已矣乎!寓形宇內(nèi)復(fù)幾時(shí)!曷不委心任去留?胡為乎遑遑欲何之?富貴非吾愿，帝鄉(xiāng)不可期。懷良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登東皋以舒嘯，臨清流而賦詩(shī)。聊乘化以歸盡，樂(lè)天天命復(fù)奚疑!
歸去來(lái)兮辭翻譯大意：
回去吧，家里的田園就要荒蕪了，為什么你還不回去呢!既然自己覺(jué)得自己是一個(gè)放浪形骸之外的人，為什么還肚子惆悵憂傷呢?明明知道自己的過(guò)去的錯(cuò)誤已經(jīng)不能夠再挽回了，未來(lái)的事情還是有自己把握的。自己已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到自己誤入歧途的還不太遠(yuǎn)，知道自己所做的事今天是對(duì)的，以前的是錯(cuò)的。
歸去的小船搖搖蕩蕩的開(kāi)啟了，徐徐的風(fēng)吹動(dòng)著衣服。向人打聽(tīng)前面的道路，可恨的是早晨的陽(yáng)光還是那么的微弱。抬起頭來(lái)看到家鄉(xiāng)的屋檐，滿載欣喜的往回走。有年幼的仆人已經(jīng)在門上歡迎了，幼小的兒子已經(jīng)在門上等候多時(shí)。雖然庭院的小路上已經(jīng)有了荒蕪之相，但是松樹(shù)和菊花還存在。我拉著我的孩子進(jìn)入內(nèi)屋，桌子上已經(jīng)擺上了酒菜，拿起酒杯自斟自飲，看著庭院中的樹(shù)木我很開(kāi)心。靠在向南的窗戶上，抒發(fā)我的傲視情懷，看著自己身居的簡(jiǎn)陋住所反而讓我心更加安寧。每天能夠在院子里散步已經(jīng)成為樂(lè)趣，院子的門雖然設(shè)著但是經(jīng)常關(guān)著。扶著手杖悠閑的漫步和休息，不時(shí)的抬頭看看遠(yuǎn)處的天空，看到云煙從山洞飄出，鳥(niǎo)兒飛累了回去住的地方。太陽(yáng)漸漸要落山了，我扶著孤松而不愿意離開(kāi)。
回去吧，請(qǐng)不要再和我交游了，世俗已經(jīng)和我的看法想韋博，我還駕車出游有什么意思呢?親人之間說(shuō)說(shuō)話能夠心情愉悅，可以玩弄琴棋書畫來(lái)消除憂愁。農(nóng)人告訴我春天來(lái)了，我要到西面的耕地里去種植。有的人駕著篷布車，有的人劃著小船。看到農(nóng)民時(shí)而沿著曲折的小溪進(jìn)入山谷，時(shí)而沿著崎嶇的小路走上山丘。樹(shù)木長(zhǎng)的欣欣向榮，泉水永不停息的奔流著。我羨慕世界萬(wàn)物生得逢天時(shí)，感慨我自己的事業(yè)生涯就到這里終止了。
算了吧!寄身于天地間還有多少時(shí)日!何不放下心來(lái)聽(tīng)?wèi){生死?為什么還要遑遑不安想去哪里?企求富貴不是我的心愿，尋覓仙境不可期冀。只盼好天氣我獨(dú)自外出，或者將手杖插在田邊去除草培苗。登上東邊的高崗放聲長(zhǎng)嘯，面對(duì)清清的流水吟誦詩(shī)篇。姑且隨著大自然的變化走向生命的盡頭，樂(lè)天安命還有什么值得懷疑!
譯文1：林語(yǔ)堂譯文
Ah, homeward bound I go!
Why not go home, seeing that my field and gardens are overgrown?
Myself have made my soul serf to my body: why have vain regrets and mourn alone?
Fret not over bygones
and the forward journey take. Only a short distance have I gone astray,
and I know today I am right,
if yesterday was a complete mistake.
floats and drifts the boat,
and gently flows and flaps my gown. I inquire the road of a wayfarer,
and sulk at the dimness of the dawn.
Then when I catch sight of my old roofs,
joy will my steps quicken.
Servants will be there to bid me welcome,
and waiting at the door are the greeting children.
Lightly o seed, perhaps, are my garden paths,
but there will still be the chrysanthemums and the pine!
I shall lead the youngest boy in by the hand,
Gone tand on the table there stands a cup full of wine! Holding the pot and cup, I give myself a drink,
happy to see in the courtyard the hanging bough.
I lean upon the southern window with an immense satisfaction, and note that the little place is cosy enough to walk around.
The garden grows more familiar and interesting with the daily walks.
What if no one knocks at the always closed door!
Carrying a cane I wander at peace, and now and then look aloft to gaze at the blue above.
There the clouds idle away from their mountain recesses
without any intent or purpose, and birds, when tired of their wandering flights,
will think of home.
Darkly then fall the shadows and, ready to come home,
I yet fondle the lonely pines and loiter around.
Ah, homeward bound I go!
Let me from now on learn to live alone! The world and I are not made for one another,
and why go round like one looking for what he has not found?
Content shall I be with conversations with my own kin, and there will be music and books
to while away the hours.
The farmers will come and tell me that spring is here and there will be work to do at the western farm.
Some order covered wagons; some row in small boats.
Sometimes we explore quiet, unknown ponds,
and sometimes we climb over steep, rugged mounds.
There the trees, happy of heart, grow marvelously green,
and spring water gushes forth with a gurgling sound.
I admire how things grow and prosper according to their seasons,
and feel that thus, too, shall my life go its round.
Enough!
How long yet shall I this mortal shape keep?
Why not take life as it comes, and why hustle and bustle like one on an errand bound?
Wealth and power are not my ambitions,
and unattainable is the abode of the gods!
I would go forth alone on a bright morning,
or perhaps, planting my cane, begin to pluck the weeds and till the ground.
Or I would compose a poem beside a clear stream,
or perhaps go up to Tungkao
and make a long-drawn call on top of the hill.
So would I be content to live and die,
and without questionings of the heart,
gladly accept Heaven's will.
譯文2：匿名譯者
Well, go back now! As the fields and gardens in home will be lying waste, why yet not go back! Since I have been familiar with that my heart has been put to be toiled by my body, why will be disconsolate and sad for myself alone? Now that I have been aware of the mistakes in past are already unable to rescue, but I have known the future life can retrieve. Really only going astray by accident but not too far, therefore, I have understood today's right and yesterday's wrong.
The returning boat went forward fluttering on the river, and the gentle breeze was gently blowing and moving my upper outer garment. Asking pedestrian on the way in front, I hated the dawn light was still too faint and misted. When looking at the house after landing, I went straight forward with incomparable happy. And then I had seen the houseboys were running
towards me and welcoming me with joy. After a while, I also saw the children were greeting me at the door. Entering the house, I found that the pathway has lay waste but it was deserved to be pleased for the pines and
chrysanthemums still survived there. Leading the children I walked into the inner room, in which were placed the wine goblets that were full of sweet
liquor. Taking up the wine pot and cup, I drank by myself. Looking at the trees in the courtyard then I really felt relaxed and happy. Leaning on the south window, I placed my feelings to look down upon the world. I began to feel that only living in the humble room, then can be easy to get a quiet mind. Every day I take a walk in the courtyard and get pleasure from nature. Although the garden door is established, however, it is often closed. Leaning on a cane, I stroll along the pathway or take the rest leisurely everywhere. Occasionally, I raise my head to look at faraway place and then I can find that cloud and mist are blown out from the cave very naturally. I think, even the birds are aware of returning back when they have flown tired. After a while, when the sun light is dim gradually as sunset soon, but I still gently stroked the solitary pine and enjoy myself so much as to forget leaving.
Well, go back home. I want to stop making friends and refuse taking part in traveling for pleasure. Since the common customs are disagreed with me, what can spur me to drive vehicle and go out on tour? A lot of understanding words talking between relatives make me with pleasure; playing a musical instrument and reading books can divert me from boredom and remove my grief. Before long, the farmers told me the spring has come and I should go to west for cultivating farmland. Then, some people push their wheelbarrows and others paddle their little boats. Sometimes I go into the mountain valley along a meandered stream and sometimes follow a rugged path to go by a massif. The trees are growing up luxuriantly and the spring water begins to pour trickling sluggishly. I admire all things on earth can meet the
opportunities given by heaven but I sign of emotion that my whole life will be over quickly.
Let it go at that! I don't know how much time I can live in the world! Why can't I let down my heart to let my life and death naturally? Is it necessary for me to go wherever searching something in a hurry? Seeking for riches and honor is not my wish and looking further for paradise is unable to anticipate. I am always longing for a nice weather that can let me stick my cane in the earth by the field and going for weeding and planting seedling. Or ascend the high hill at east to shout at the top of my lungs with sound reproduction, or face to the clear flowing water to recite poems. Merely, let me move towards the end of life along with the change of the nature. I believe that every
happening in one's life is determined by fate and is inevitable; therefore one should be always content with circumstances and have no worries. I consider this conviction may be without doubt!
(一) 譯文篇章結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)比
and waiting at the door are the greeting children.
譯文2： And then I had seen the houseboys were running towards
me and welcoming me with joy. After a while, I also saw the
children were greeting me at the door.
在例句(1)中，譯文1用連詞and將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成并列句，譯文2用連接詞and將兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)并列從而構(gòu)成一個(gè)復(fù)雜句。在例句(2)中，譯文1還是用連詞and將兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句連接起來(lái)構(gòu)成并列句，譯文2的翻譯就顯得很長(zhǎng)、句式也很很復(fù)雜。
(三) 譯文選詞表意對(duì)比
上文中有提到過(guò)譯文2有失忠實(shí)和通順，譯文2仍有待審校。下面我們將通過(guò)具體事例詳細(xì)說(shuō)明。
(1) 原文：乃瞻衡宇，載欣載奔。
譯文1：Then when I catch sight of my old roofs
joy will my steps quicken.
譯文2：When looking at the house after landing, I went straight
forward with incomparable happy.
“乃瞻衡宇，載欣載奔”的意思是“才遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)望見(jiàn)自家的屋頂，我就一邊欣喜跳躍一邊往前奔跑”。 “乃”為副詞“才”，“載??載??”為連詞“一邊??一邊??”。譯文1很好地抓住了句意，也將主要的關(guān)鍵詞翻譯了出來(lái)。譯文2錯(cuò)誤地將“瞻衡宇”翻譯成look at the house，“衡宇”應(yīng)當(dāng)翻譯成roof，“瞻”應(yīng)該為catch sight of。另外，go straight 并不含有“奔”的意思。
(2) 原文：童仆歡迎，稚子侯門。
譯文1：Servants will be there to bid me welcome,
and waiting at the door are the greeting children.
譯文2： And then I had seen the houseboys were running towards
me and welcoming me with joy. After a while, I also saw the
children were greeting me at the door.
“童仆歡迎，稚子侯門”的意思是“童仆歡喜地前來(lái)迎接，幼兒在家門迎候”。 “歡迎”實(shí)為兩詞，即副詞“歡喜地”和動(dòng)詞“迎接”。 “候門”實(shí)為“候于門” 之省，“于門”為介賓短語(yǔ)作為后置了的狀語(yǔ)。可以很明顯地看出，譯文1將原文句意完整地翻譯了出來(lái)。譯文2中，“侯”沒(méi)有翻譯出來(lái)。而且，“前來(lái)”不一定就是running towards。
(3) 原文：木欣欣以向榮，泉涓涓而始流。
譯文1：There the trees, happy of heart, grow marvelously green,
and spring water gushes forth with a gurgling sound.
譯文2：The trees are growing up luxuriantly and the spring water
begins to pour trickling sluggishly.
“木欣欣以向榮，泉涓涓而始流”的意思是“樹(shù)木長(zhǎng)得欣欣向榮，泉水開(kāi)始涓涓奔流”。 “以”“而”都是修飾關(guān)系的連詞。句子所要表達(dá)的是一幅有生機(jī)、有活力、有綠意又清明快活的畫面。在譯文2中，譯者用luxuriantly修飾樹(shù)木長(zhǎng)得很繁茂，欣欣向榮的樹(shù)木可能長(zhǎng)得很繁茂，但是譯者沒(méi)有成功地將其中所代表的“活力和綠意”體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，而譯文1則做到了這一點(diǎn)。在譯文2中，譯者用sluggishly修飾流水流動(dòng)緩慢。英文sluggish的中文意
思是“懶惰的、遲鈍的、無(wú)精打采的”，此外，它也可以被用來(lái)形容流水流動(dòng)緩慢。副詞sluggishly意思是“in a sluggish way”。由此可見(jiàn)，sluggishly可以被用來(lái)修飾流水流動(dòng)緩慢。但是我們應(yīng)該注意到，這個(gè)詞的使用與該句所蘊(yùn)含的基調(diào)不和諧，因此這個(gè)詞的使用也是值得商榷的。在林先生的譯文中，用詞就恰當(dāng)了。
三、 總結(jié)
在翻譯方法上，林語(yǔ)堂的譯文采取異化法翻譯。譯文2則采用歸化法翻譯。林語(yǔ)堂的譯文更忠實(shí)于原文。譯文2容易幫助已于讀者大致掌握了解《歸去來(lái)兮辭》的文章意思。
在篇章結(jié)構(gòu)上，林語(yǔ)堂的譯文像中國(guó)古代的詩(shī)體形式，并運(yùn)用了很多具有詩(shī)體特征的語(yǔ)言，這增強(qiáng)了譯文的韻律感和優(yōu)美感。譯文2像中國(guó)現(xiàn)代白話文，使文章平易易懂。
在語(yǔ)句結(jié)構(gòu)上，林語(yǔ)堂的譯文多采用簡(jiǎn)單句和簡(jiǎn)單并列句，使文章如行云流水般自然流露。譯文2多采用復(fù)雜句、從屬句等，使文章語(yǔ)句風(fēng)格更接近英文表達(dá)。
在選詞表意上，林語(yǔ)堂的翻譯凸顯出大家手筆。無(wú)論在對(duì)原文的理解上、還是在選擇恰當(dāng)詞語(yǔ)上，林先生的翻譯都可以稱好。譯文2則在領(lǐng)會(huì)原文意思和使用恰當(dāng)詞語(yǔ)上有不少缺陷，譯文值得審校。
譯者的文化品位、知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)各有差異，因此各自的譯文也大有不同。不同的翻譯度有著各自不同的特色，也受到不同讀者的歡迎。作為翻譯足學(xué)習(xí)者，我們都應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)其他翻譯工作者的長(zhǎng)處來(lái)彌補(bǔ)自己的不足，同時(shí)積極發(fā)揚(yáng)自己在翻譯上的長(zhǎng)處。
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