學術英語課文翻譯資料

時間：2023-06-28 01:02:20 課文大全我要投稿

相關推薦

通用學術英語課文翻譯資料

　　《通用學術英語》是一本于2016年9月2日高等教育出版社出版的圖書，作者是呂燕彬。以下是小編整理的通用學術英語課文翻譯，歡迎閱讀。

通用學術英語課文翻譯資料

　　學術英語課文翻譯資料

　　【課文】

　　How do computer hackers get into computers

　　It seems like a direct question, but the implications are complex and the answer is not simple. If you answer it casually, then the hacker enters the target computer system using the weakness. But to provide more details, let's start at the beginning.

　　The word "hacker" is controversial in meaning and interpretation. Some people say that hackers (open circuit) is a good man, they just push the boundaries of knowledge, and not for any damage (at least not intentionally), and crackers (smash) is really bad.

　　This argument has little effect, and if it is for the purposes of this discussion, the term "unauthorised user" (UU) is sufficient. The term includes all different types of people, from those involved in organized crime to those who are inside, who break through the authority granted in the system.

　　Now let's talk about what it means to "get into" the computer. This can mean something stored on a computer system.

　　Get the processing power of the system, or capture the information exchanged between the system. Each attack requires a different skill set, with different vulnerabilities.

　　So what are "unauthorised users" using? Weaknesses exist in every system, and there are two weaknesses:

　　Known and unknown. Known weaknesses usually exist because of the need for certain abilities. For example, for a business process, you need different people to use a system, and you have a known weakness: the user. Another example of a known weakness is the ability to communicate through the Internet. In order to have this ability, you have to open a path to the unknown and the untrusted entity. The unknown weakness is what the owner or operator of the system does not know, may be the result of shoddy engineering, or the unintended consequences of some of the required capabilities.

　　By definition, weaknesses can be exploited. These weaknesses can be low-level password protection, or it can be left to the computer to make use of the office visitors. As long as you sit at a receptionist's desk and use his computer to get the information you need, more than one technology is being used. Low-level code (for example, the user name "Joe Smith", the password is "Joe Smith") is close to the rich resources of a computer: password cracking program can be easily in a few minutes to confirm the word in the dictionary, name, or common phrases. By replacing letters with Numbers, these passwords are more complex. For example, replacing the letter O with 0 does not make the task more complicated. When an unauthorized user USES a valid user name - password combination, the entry system is simply logged in.

　　If the target system is well protected (through the technical control, such as a firewall or security software, control and management, clear policies and processes, for example), and remote into hard, unauthorized users may use low technology, these policies may include bribery authorized users, in the cleaning company do temporary workers, or to find information in the dump.

　　If the target system is not well protected, then unauthorized users can access it using technology.

　　Users who are not authorized to use technical means must first determine the specifications of the target system. For unauthorised users, there is no benefit to using technology that attacks Microsoft's weaknesses if the target system is a Macintosh. They have to know what the target system is, how it is configured, and what networking capabilities it has. Once you know these parameters (they can be obtained remotely from multiple methods), they can take advantage of the known vulnerabilities of these configurations. For common configurations, you can use the first set of attacks to make the task simple.

　　People who use these pre-set attacks are sometimes derided as "script kiddies". A skilled person can remotely determine the configuration of the target system, one of which is the ability to pass through the hypertext transfer protocol. People close to the web site send configuration information, such as the type of browser being used, to the requested address. Once the system is configured, you can choose the means.

　　Another type of attack is targeting a specific vulnerability, without any specific target to launch an attack - it

　　Like a shotgun attack, the aim is to attack as many potential targets as possible. The attack took a first step. But the results and effectiveness of any given target are less predictable.

　　It should be noted that the unauthorised access to its ultimate purpose is different from the motivation of the entrant, for example, if he

　　Want to collect a lot of zombies, but don't want to attack at the service, that his purpose is to make client secretly installed on the computer as much as possible, a effective way to do this is through the use of the so-called Trojan horse program, it is in the user without knowing or not install malicious programs, some of the more recent large-scale attacks, some of the more recent large-scale attacks, there are such a stance as the attack types of elements.

　　It is a multi-step process to protect yourself from attacks, with the goal of limiting and managing the weaknesses of the system (it is not likely to be complete

　　Eliminate these weaknesses. First, make sure you have the operating system and application of the latest patches - these patches often repair can take advantage of weaknesses, make sure your password is complicated enough: include letters, Numbers, and symbols, and meaningless.

　　Also, consider hardware firewalls and limit the flow of data to and from the Internet. When you really need a few carefully selected ports, such as email and web traffic, make sure your anti-virus software is the latest, check whether there is a new virus definitions (if you are using Windows, ideally you should upgrade virus definition) every day. Finally, back up your data so that if the bad situation does happen, at least you can recover the important things.

　　【翻譯】

　　電腦黑客如何進入電腦

　　這好像是一個直接的問題，但是內涵很復雜，答案絕不簡單，如果隨便地回答，那么黑客通過利用弱點進入目標電腦系統。但是為了提供更多細節，我們還是從頭說起。

　　“hacker” 這個詞在意義和解釋上都很有爭議。有些人說hackers(開路人) 是好人，他們只是推動了知識的邊界，并沒造成什么傷害（至少不是故意的），而crackers (打砸者)是真正的壞蛋。

　　這種爭論沒有什么效果，如果是為了這種討論的目的，術語“未授權的使用者”（UU）就足夠用了。這個術語包含了所有不同類型的人，從那些參與有組織犯罪行為的人到那些內部人士，他們突破了在系統中被授予的權限。

　　接下來我們探討一下“進入”電腦意味著什么。這可以指獲得電腦系統儲存的內容，

　　獲得系統的處理能力，或者捕獲系統之間交流的信息。每種攻擊都需要不同的技巧，以不同的弱點為目標。

　　那么“未授權的使用者”利用的是什么？弱點存在于每個系統中，并且有兩種弱點：

　　已知的和未知的。已知的弱點通常因為需要某些能力而存在。比如，為了某個商業過程，你需要不同的人使用一個系統，你就有一個已知的弱點：使用者。另一個已知弱點的例子是通過互聯網交流的能力，為了具備這個能力，你要給未知和不被信任的實體開通一條路徑。未知的弱點是系統的擁有者或操作者所不了解的，可能是劣質工程的結果，或者是某些被需要的能力產生的非故意的結果。

　　按照定義，弱點可能被利用。這些弱點可以是低級的密碼保護，也可以是讓電腦開著，讓辦公室的訪客可以利用。只要坐在接待員的桌前，用他的電腦獲得需要的信息，就有超過一種技術被利用。低級的密碼（比如，用戶名“Joe Smith”, 密碼也是“Joe Smith”）也是接近電腦的豐富的來源：密碼破譯程序可以很容易在幾分鐘內確認字典中的單詞、姓名，甚至常見短語。通過用數字代替字母，使這些密碼更復雜。比如用0來代替字母O，并不會使任務更復雜。當未獲授權的使用者使用有效的用戶名—密碼組合，進入系統就是簡單的登錄了。

　　假如目標系統被很好地保護（通過技術控制，比如防火墻或安全軟件，還有管理控制，比如明確的政策和過程），并且遠程難以進入，未獲授權的使用者可能會使用低技術的攻擊，這些策略可能包括賄賂獲授權的使用者，在清潔公司做臨時工，或者在垃圾堆里翻找信息。

　　如果目標系統沒有得到很好的保護，那么未獲授權的使用者可以使用技術手段進入。

　　為了使用技術手段未獲授權的使用者必須先決定目標系統的規格。對未獲授權使用者來說，如果目標系統是Macintosh, 使用攻擊微軟弱點的技術手段沒有任何好處。他們必須知道目標系統是什么，它是怎樣配置的，它有哪種聯網能力。一旦知道了這些參數（它們可以通過多種方法遠程獲得），他們就可以利用這些配置的已知弱點。對于常見的配置可以利用先設置好的攻擊方式，這樣能讓這次任務很簡單。

　　使用這些預先設置的攻擊能力的人有時被嘲笑為“腳本小子”。技術熟練的人可以遠程決定目標系統的配置，其中一個辦法是通過超文本傳輸協議內在的能力。接近固有網站的人把配置信息，比如正在被使用的瀏覽器類型，發送到發出請求的地址。一旦系統配置已知，就可以選擇手段。

　　另一種攻擊類型是針對特定的弱點預設好，沒有任何特定的目標就發起攻擊——它

　　就像獵*一樣猛烈攻擊，目的是盡可能多地攻擊潛在目標。這種攻擊略去了第一步。但是對于任何給定的目標其結果和有效性都不太好預測。

　　應該注意到未獲授權的進入其最終目的因為進入者的動機而有不同，比如，如果他

　　想收集很多僵尸電腦，而又不想在服務時進行攻擊，那他的目的就是把客戶程序偷偷安裝到盡量多的電腦上，這樣做的一種有效方式就是通過使用所謂的特洛伊木馬程序，它是在用戶不知情或不同意的情況下安裝惡意程序，有些更近期發生的大規模網絡攻擊，有些更近期發生的大規模網絡攻擊，有這樣的姿態作為攻擊類型的要素。

　　保護好自己不受攻擊是多步的過程，目的是限制和管理系統的弱點（并不可能完全

　　消除這些弱點）。首先，保證你有操作系統和應用程序的最新補丁——這些補丁通常會修補可以利用的弱點，保證你的密碼夠復雜：包括字母、數字和象征符號，并且毫無意義。

　　同時，要考慮硬件防火墻，并且限制往來因特網的數據流。在你真正需要的幾個精心挑選的端口上，比如email 和網絡交通，保證你的反病毒軟件是最新的，經常檢查是否有新的病毒定義（如果你正在使用Windows 系統，理想狀態下你應該每天升級病毒定義）。最后，備份你的數據，那樣如果不好的情況真的發生，至少你可以恢復重要的東西。

　　學術英語讀寫課文翻譯

　　cyberspace ：if you don't love it ,leave it信息空間：出入隨愿

　　something in the American psyche loves new frontiers. We hanker after wide-open spaces ;we like to explore ;we like to make rules but refuse to follow them .But in this age it's hard to find a place where you can go and be yourself without worrying about he neighbours .

　　美國人的內心深處具有一種酷愛探索新領域的'氣質。我們渴求寬敞的場地，我們喜歡探索，喜歡制定規章制度，卻不愿去遵守。在當今時代，卻很難找到一塊空間，可以供你任意馳騁，又不必擔心影響你的鄰居。

　　There is such a place : cyberspace . Formerly a playground for computer fans ,cyberspace . Formely a playgroundfor computer fans ,cyberspace now embraces every conceivable constituency : school lchildren , flirtatious ,singles ,dirty pictures behind their bedroom doors provoke a crackdown ?

　　確實有這樣一個空間，那就是信息空間。這里原本是計算機迷的游戲天地，但如今只要想像得到的各類人群應有盡有，包括少年兒童、輕佻的單身漢、美籍匈牙利人、會計等。問題是他們都能和睦相處嗎?人們是否會因為害怕孩子們躲在臥室里看網上的淫穢圖片而將它封殺?

　　The first order of business is to grasp what cyberspace is . It might help to leave beind metaphors 隱喻 of highways and frontiers and to think instead of real estate . Real estate ,remember ,is an intellectual ,legal ,artificial environment constructed on top of land. Real estate recognizes the difference between parkland and shopping mall ,between red-light zone and school district ,between church ,state and drugstore .

　　首先要解決的問題是，什么是信息空間。我們可以拋開高速公路、前沿新領域等比喻，把信息空間看作一個巨大的房地產。請記住，莊園是人們智慧的結晶，是合法的、人工營造的氛圍，它建立在土地之上。在房地產業中，公園和商業中心、紅燈區與學校、教堂、政府機構與雜貨店都能區分開來。

　　in the same way , you could think of cyberspace as a giant and unbounded world of virtual real estate .Some property is privatedly owned and rented out ; other property is common land ; some places are suitable for children , and others are best avoided by all citizens . Unfortunately ,it's those places that are now capturing the popular imagination ,places that offer bombmaking instructions ,pornography, advice on how to steal credit cards .They make cyberspace sound like a nasty place . Good citizens jump to a conclusion : Better regulate it .

　　你可以用同樣的方法把信息空間想像為一個巨大的、無邊無際的虛擬房地產業。其中有些房產為私人擁有并已租出，有些是公共場所；有的場所適合兒童出人，而有些地方人們最好避開。遺憾的是，正是這些應該避開的地方使得人們心向神往。這些地方教唆你如何制造炸彈、為你提供淫穢材料、告訴你如何竊取信用卡。所有這些使信息空間聽起來像是一個十分骯臟的地方。正直的公民紛紛作出這樣的結論：最好對它嚴加管理。

　　But before using regulations to counter indecency ,it is fundamental to interpret the nature of cyberspace . Cyberspace isn't a frontier where wicked people can grab unsuspecting children ,nor is it a giant television system that can beam offensive messages at unwilling viewers . In this kind of real estate ,users have to choose where thy visit ,what they see ,what they do .It's optiona .In other words,cyberspace is a voluntary destination --in reality ,many destinations .You don't just get "onto the Net" ;you have to go someplace in particular . That means that people can choose where to go and what to see .Yes , community standards should be enforced ,but those standards set by cyberspace communities themselves ,not by the courts or by politicians in Washington .

　　但是，在利用規章制度來反擊下流之舉之前，關鍵是從根本上理解信息空間的性質。惡棍并不能在信息空間搶走毫無提防之心的兒童；信息空間也不像一臺巨大的電視機，向不情愿的觀眾播放令人作嘔的節目。在信息空間這個房地產業中，用戶對他們所去之處、所見所聞、所做所為都要作出選擇，一切都出于自愿。換句話說，信息空間是個出入自便的地方，實際上，信息空間里有很多可去之處。人們不能盲目上網，必須帶著具體的目標上網。這意味著人們可以選擇去哪個網址、看什么內容。不錯，規章制度應該在群體內得以實施，但這些規章制度必須由信息空間內各個群體自己來制定，而不是由法庭或華盛頓的政客們來制定。

　　what makes cyberspace so alluring is precisely the way in which it's different from shopping malls , television ,highways and other terrestrial jurisdictions.But let's define the territor: 信息空間之所以具有如此大的誘惑力，正是因為它不同于商場、電視、公路或地球上的其他地方。那么，讓我們來描述一下這個空間。

　　First ,there are private e-malil conversations ,similar to the conversations you have over the teleophone .These are private and consensualand require no regulation at all .

　　首先，信息空間里人與人之間可以進行電子郵件交流。這種交流類似于電話交談，都是私人之間的、兩相情愿的談話，不需要任何規章制度加以限制。

　　Second , there are information and entertainment services , wehre people can download anytihing from legal texts and lists of "great new restaurants " to game software or dirty pictures . These places are like bookstores ,malls and movie houses --places whre you go to buy something .The customer needs to request an item or sign up for a subscription; stuff (especially pornography ) is not sent out to people who don't ask for it .Some of these services are free or included as part of a broader service like ComputerServe or America Online ; others charge may and may bill their customers directly .

　　其次，信息空間提供信息與娛樂服務。人們可以從中下載各種信息，從法律文件、“大型新飯店”名單，到游戲軟件、下流圖片，無奇不有。這里如同書店、商場和電影院，屬購物區域。顧客必須通過索求或者登記來購物，物品(特別是淫穢之物)不會發送給那些沒有索取的人。有些服務可以

　　免費，或作為總服務費用的一部分計算，如“計算機服務”和“美國在線”就是如此。而有些服務要向顧客收費，而且可能會讓顧客直接支付賬單。

　　Third ,there are "real" communities ---groups of people who communicate among themselves . In real-estate terms ,they're like bars or restaurants or bathhouses . Each active participate contributes to a general conversation ,generally through posted messages . Other participant may simply listen or watch ．Some services are supervised by a moderator ; others are more like bulletin boards ---anyone is free to post anything .Many of these services started out unmoderated but are now imposing rules to keep out unwanted advertising ,extraneous discussions or increasingly rude participants .

　　三，信息空間里還有真正意義上的群體，那就是在內部互相交流思想的人群。從莊園的角度來看，這些群體就像酒吧、飯店或公共浴室。每個活躍的人都積極參與談話，談話一般通過郵件方式進行；而有的人也許只充當旁觀者或旁聽者。有些活動由專人監督，有些則像公告牌，任何人可以任意在上面張貼。很多活動起初都無人監督，但現在實行強制管理，用規章制度來掃除那些不受歡迎的廣告、不相干的討論或日漸粗魯的成員。

　　cyberspace communitis evolve just the way terrestrial ommunities do : people with like-minded interests band together . Every cyberspace community has its own character . Overall , the communities on CompuServe tend t be more professsional ; those on AmericaOnline , affluent young singles ;Prodigy family-oriented itself there are lots of passionate non-commercial discussion groups on topics ranging from Hungarian politics (hungary Online ) copyright law .

　　信息空間里群體的演變過程正如陸地社會團體的演變過程，即情趣相投的人們聚在一起。信息空間里每一個團體都各具特色。總的來說，“計算機服務”上的團體一般由專業技術人員組成；“美國在線”上的團體一般為富有的獨身者；“奇才”主要面向家庭。另外還有一些具有獨到見解的服務機構，“共鳴”為其中之一，是紐約市中心一家時髦的服務機構。再如“婦女專線”，是專為女性開辟的，她們希望逃避網上其他地方盛行的男性文化。就因特網本身也有大量情緒激昂的討論小組，都屬非商業性質，討論話題廣泛，從匈牙利政治(匈牙利在線)到版權法，無所不及。

　　what's unique about cyberspace is that it allows communities of any size and kind to flourish ; in cyberspace ,communities are chosen by the users , not forced on them by accidents of geography . This freedom gives the rules that precise in cyberspace a moral authority that rules in terrestrial environments don't have . Most people are stuck in the country of their birth, but if you don't like the rules of a given cyberspace community ,they can restrict their children's access to it .

　　信息空間的獨特之處在于允許任何規模、任何種類的團體發展繁榮。在信息空間，用戶自愿參加任何團體，而不是因為地理位置的巧合而被迫參加某個團體。這種自由賦予主宰信息空間的準則一種道義上的權威，這種權威是地球空間里的準則所沒有的。多數

　　人呆在自己出生的國土上動彈不得，而在信息空間，假若你不喜歡某一群體的準則，脫離這個群體即可。出入自由。同樣，如果做父母的不喜歡某一群體的準則，便可以限制孩子，不讓他們參與。

　　what's likely to happen in cyberspace is the formation of new communities ,free of the constraits that cause conflict on earth . Instead of a global village ,which is a nice dream but impossible to manage , we'll have invented another world of self-contained communities that cater to their own members' inclinations without interfering with anyoneelse's The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand .In cyberpace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed --intellectual property ,content and access control , rules about privacy and free speech .Some communities will allow anyone in ;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another .Those communites that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets wiht ever-more-particular interests and identities ) Those that can't survive --either because people lose interest or get scared off --will simply wither away .

　　在信息空間，可能會發生的情況是形成新的群體，新群體的形成不像在地球上那樣受到限制，產生沖突。我們不是要建立一個夢寐以求、而又難以管理的全球村，而是要建立一個由各種獨立的、不受外界影響的群體組成的世界，這些群體將投其成員所好，而又不干涉他人。一種真正的市場型管理模式很快成為可能。在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗并完善所需要的管理制度——知識產權制度、服務內容與使用權的控制制度、個人隱私權與自由言論制度等。有些群體允許任何人加入，而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。能夠自立的群體會興旺發展(或許也會因為志趣與身份日趨特殊，而發展成為幾個分支)。有些群體或因為成員失去興趣，或因為成員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。

　　in the near future ,explorers in cyberspace will need to get better at defining and identifying their communities . they will need to put in place --and accept ---their own local governments apart from terrestrial governments ,just as the owners of expensive real estatet often have their own security guards though they can call in the police to get ride of undesirable customers .

　　在不久的將來，信息空間的探索者應該更善于解釋和辨別各群體的性質。除了現實中的政府之外，他們將有必要安置并接受自己的地方政府，就如同豪華莊園的業主一樣．盡管可以叫警察來驅逐不受歡迎的顧客，但還是寧愿雇傭自己的保安。

　　then what should be done about undesirable material in cyberspace ? What to do ,for instance ,about pornography . The answer is labeling ,besides banning ,questionable material .it makes sense for cyberspace participants themselves to agree on a scheme for uestionable items ,so that people or automatic filters can avoid them . It's easy enough for

　　software manufacturers to build an automatioc filter that would prevent you or your child from ever seeing the undesired item on a menu . (it's as if all the items were wrapped , with labels on the wrapper.)

　　Someone who posted pornographic material under the title "Kid-Fun" could be sued for mislabeling .

　　那么，該如何處置信息空間不受歡迎的材料呢?例如，淫穢材料該怎么辦?答案除了禁止以外，就是在有問題的材料上貼上標簽。信息空間的成員對有問題的內容應該達成共識，拿出一個解決方案來，使人們或自動過濾系統避開這些內容，這樣可能會有助于解決問題。軟件制造商很容易建立一套自動過濾系統，使你和孩子們在菜單上見不到不想見到的內容。(就好像所有的內容都被包裝了起來，并在包裝紙上貼有標簽。)如果有人在色情材料上貼上“童趣”的標簽，便可能會因錯貼標簽而被起訴。

　　Without a lot of fanfare , private enterprises and local groups are already producing a variety of labeling services ,along with kid-oriented sites like Kidlink and Kid's Space .People differ in their tastes and values and can find services on the Net that suit them in the same way they select books and magazines . Or they can wonder freely if they prefer , making up their own itinerary .

　　一些私人組織和地方團體已經在不聲不晌地建立各種標簽服務系統，并建立了適合兒童的網站，如“兒童連接”、“兒童空間”等。具有不同品味和抱有不同價值觀念的人如同挑選書刊、雜志一樣，可以從網上挑選出適合自己的服務機構。如果愿意，他們還可以在網上無拘無束地逍遙漫游，完成自己的旅程。

　　In the end , our society needs to grow up . Growing up means understanding thtat there are no perfect answers , no all-purpose solutions , no government sanctioned safe havens .We haven't created a perfect society on earth , and we won't have one in cyberspace either . But at least we can have individual choice and individual responsibility .

　　總之，我們的社會需要發展，要發展就意味著我們必須明白，世上沒有完美無缺的答案，沒有能夠解決各種問題的妙方，沒有政府認可的安全避難所。我們不能在地球上建立一個十全十美的社會，同樣也不能在信息空間營造一個這樣的社會。但是至少我們可以有個人的選擇——也有個人的責任。

【學術英語課文翻譯資料】相關文章：

岳飛課文翻譯01-05

詠雪課文翻譯10-11

勸學課文翻譯09-18

離騷課文翻譯03-25