【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】
一、重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語
1．prefer的用法小結(jié)：
（1）prefer常與介詞to連用，意思是“更喜歡；寧愿”，表示取前者舍后者。例如：
Little Tom prefers coffee to tea. 小湯姆喜歡咖啡勝過茶。
He preferred swimming to skating. 他喜歡游泳勝過滑冰。
（2）prefer后面接不定式時常與rather than 或者instead of連用，意思是“寧愿做某事而不做某事”，rather than后面的不定式可以加to，也可以省略。例如：
He preferred to die rather than (to) steal. 或者 He preferred to die instead of stealing.
他寧愿死也不愿意去偷竊。
I prefer to work rather than （to） sit idle. 我寧愿工作而不喜歡閑坐。
2．consider的用法小結(jié)：
（1）consider可以表示“考慮；思考”的意思。后面可以接名詞或者動詞的-ing形式。例如：
I am considering going abroad. 我正在考慮出國。
The court would not even consider his claim for the old man's legacy.
法庭根本不會考慮他所提出的對老人遺產(chǎn)的要求。
（2）consider還可以表示“認(rèn)為；以為”的意思，常用于以下結(jié)構(gòu)：
consider somebody / something to be / to have done …
consider + n. + adj.
consider + it + adj. / n. (+ to do / that clause)
consider + that clause
I consider it a great honor. 我認(rèn)為這是極大的榮幸。
We consider that the driver is not to blame. 我們認(rèn)為這不是司機(jī)的過錯。
He is considered to have broken the window. 有人認(rèn)為是他打碎了窗子。
We all consider him loyal to friends. 我們都認(rèn)為他對朋友忠誠。
I don’t consider that it will turn out fine this afternoon.
我認(rèn)為今天下午天不會轉(zhuǎn)晴。
（3）習(xí)慣用法：
all things considered: 全面地考慮。在句中作狀語，用于概括或者總結(jié)。
All things considered, our old car is no good, so we should buy a new one now.
總的來說，我們的舊車已經(jīng)沒有用了，我們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該買輛新的。
（4）considering：表示“鑒于，考慮到，顧及”的意思。例如：
Considering how sick he is, he should go to see the doctor.
鑒于他病得那樣厲害，他應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生。
3．The population in and around San Francisco is now ten times more than it was in 1906.
英語中表示倍數(shù)的三種常用表達(dá)方式：
（1）A is three(four, etc.) times bigger(higher, longer, wider, etc.) than B. 意思是：A比B 大（高、長、寬等）三（四…）倍。例如：
Their classroom is three times bigger than ours.
他們的課室比我們的大三倍（是我們課室的四倍）。
The Pearl River is five times longer than this one.
珠江比這條河長五倍（是這條河的六倍）。
（2）A is three(four, etc.) times as big(high, long, wide, etc.) as B. 意思是“A的大小（高度，長度，寬度等）是B的三（四）倍”。例如：
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。
He is twice as tall as an ordinary man.
他的高度是一個普通人的兩倍。
（3）A is three(four, etc) times the size(height, length, width, etc.) of B. 意思是“A的大小（高度、長度、寬度等是B的三（四）倍”。例如：
The new building is four times the size of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大。
This tree is twice the height of that one. 這棵樹是那棵樹的兩倍。
二、詞義辨析
1．one 、the one 、that 、it的區(qū)別：
（1）one用來代替前面提到的名詞，既可以指人由可以指物。用于泛指，相當(dāng)于a/an+名詞，復(fù)數(shù)形式為ones。
例如：
I am looking for a house and I like one with a garden.
我正在找房子，我喜歡一幢帶有花園的房子。
I can’t find my hat. I think I must buy one.
我的帽子找不到了。我想我必須再買一頂了。
There is a young man and some old ones in the house.
這座房子里有一個年輕人和幾個老人。
（2）the one：用來代替同類事物中特指的另一個。例如：
I like the recorder better than the one I bought last year.
與去年我買的那個錄音機(jī)相比，我更喜歡這一個。（這時，the one 和that可以互換）
（3）that表示與前面所指的名詞為同類，但不是同一個；而it所指的名詞為同一個。That既可以代替可數(shù)名詞，也可以代替不可數(shù)名詞。例如：
The population of China is larger than that of any other country in the world.
中國的人口比世界上任何國家的都要多。
I have a very good TV set. It is very large and beautiful.
2．take place, happen 與break out的區(qū)別：
這三個詞都是“發(fā)生”的意思，而且都沒有被動語態(tài)。
（1）happen表示“（偶然）發(fā)生”，或者“碰巧做某事”，強(qiáng)調(diào)事情的偶然性。
例如：
That accident happened at the corner.
那場事故發(fā)生在拐角處。
I happened to meet him in the street.？
=It happened that I met him in the street.
我偶然在街上遇到他。
（2）take place指“發(fā)生”，可以是有計劃地安排，也可以是無計劃或者安排。例如：
When will the ceremony take place? 儀式什么時候舉行？
A strong earthquake took place. 一場地震發(fā)生了
（3）break out指“（火災(zāi)、戰(zhàn)爭等）突然發(fā)生、爆發(fā)”。例如：
The war broke out between the north and the south. 南北戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)了。
Fire broke out in the neighborhood last night.
昨晚附近發(fā)生了火災(zāi)。
三、重點(diǎn)句型
1．Where would you prefer going?
I would prefer to do something.
I prefer to do something rather than do something.
這是動詞prefer的幾個常用結(jié)構(gòu)，在使用時要把每一個搭配分清楚。
2．Is anybody seeing you off?
這是一個現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來的句型。值得注意的是并非所有動詞都可以用此結(jié)構(gòu)，常用此結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有：come, go , leave, start, return, see, stay等等。
3．Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.
此句中的before意思是“還沒有來得及…就…”，要注意before的中文翻譯。
再如：
Before I could get up from my bed, the general gave me a telephone call and told me to start at once.
4．It didn’t take long before the wooden building was swallowed by the fire.
此句中的before意思是“不久以后就…”；如果用肯定句，before的意思就會有大的變化。
例如：
It will take long before we can get the key.
我們還要過很久才能拿到鑰匙。（before的意思是“要多長時間以后才…”）
四、語法復(fù)習(xí)
（一）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的用法小結(jié)：
1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的基本用法：
（1）表示說話人說話時 正在發(fā)生的事情。
We are waiting for you.
我們正在等你。
（2）表示習(xí)慣性的進(jìn)行，即表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動作，說話時動作未必正在進(jìn)行。
Mr. White is writing his new book.
懷特先生正在寫他的新書。(說話時并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
（3）表示動作的漸變。常可以用此用法的動詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning green. 樹葉正在變成綠色。
（4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
You are always changing your mind.
你總是變來變?nèi)サ模貌欢ㄖ饕猓?/p>
He is always bothering me. 他老是打擾我。
（5）某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時形式可以用來表示將來，意思是："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用來指人。常用詞為 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。
They are starting to learn English tomorrow.
他們明天將開始學(xué)習(xí)英語。
（一）定語從句復(fù)習(xí) 第一部分：
1．定語從句（Attributive Clauses）在句中起定語的作用，修飾一個名詞或代詞，有時還可以修飾整個主句。被修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是代表人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
（1）who, whom, that代替的先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
（2） whose 既可以指人又可以指物，只用作定語；若指物，它還可以同of which互換。
例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那個人的汽車壞了，他們都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is red.
請遞給我那本紅皮的書。
（3）which, that 所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，
例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is very heavy. 你拿的包很重。(which / that在句中作賓語)
2．關(guān)系代詞不能用that的情況 ：
（1） 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時。指人只能用who/whom/whose，指物只能用which/whose。例如：
The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
這棵樹在這里很出名，它已經(jīng)有400年樹齡了。
The story, which my brother told yesterday, is very interesting.
我弟弟昨天講的那個故事很有趣。
（2） 介詞后不能用that，指人只能用whom/whose，指物只能用which/whose。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
我們依靠土地來收獲糧食。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. （當(dāng)介詞在句末時，that和which可以互換）
3．只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
（1）在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
Long long ago, there was a small village that was located at the foot of a mountain.
很久以前，有一個小小的村子坐落在山腳下。
（2）不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞的時候，只用that，不用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
（3）先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。
The book is the only one that I can find in my house.
這本書是我在家里能夠找到的唯一的書。
（4）先行詞中含有序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.
This is the best food that we can give you.
這是我們能給你們提供的最好的食物了。
This is the second time that I have told you to go away.
這已經(jīng)是我第二次讓你們走開了。
（5）先行詞既有指人的詞，又有指物的詞時。
We talked about the things and persons that we remembered at that time.
我們談?wù)摿四菚r我們能夠記起的人和事。
【考點(diǎn)透視 考例精析】
[考點(diǎn)] 考查 like與imagine的搭配。
[考例1] The boy likes ___________ himself a flyer and he is always imagining _________ on the moon.
A． to imagine, to be B． imagining, to being
C．to imagine, being D．imagine, being
[解析] Ｃ like 既可以接一個動詞不定式表示一個具體的動作，也可以接動名詞，表示一個一般性的動作；但是imagine后只能接動名詞，不能接不定式。所以答案為C。
[考點(diǎn)] 考查動詞時態(tài)的用法。
[考例2] My dictionary ________, I have looked for it everywhere but still _______ it.
A．has lost, don't find
B．is missing, don't find
C．has lost, haven't found
D．Ahas lost, don't find B. is missing, don't find is missing, haven't found.
[解析]Ｄ前句是一個仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時態(tài)；由于至今還沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，因此第二句應(yīng)用完成時，瞬間動詞的否定式形式可用于完成時。
[拓展] 注意：表示“某物丟失”時，有以下幾種表達(dá)方式：
My dictionary is missing/lost/gone.
[考點(diǎn)] 此題考查定語從句的用法。
[考例3] Alice received an invitation from her boss, ________came as a surprise.
A．it B．that C．which D．he
[解析]Ｃ此句為非限定性定語從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后面的句子成為獨(dú)立的分句，兩個獨(dú)立的分句不能單以逗號連接。且選he句意不通。
[考點(diǎn)] 此題考查條件狀語從句的時態(tài)。
【基礎(chǔ)演練】
一、根據(jù)所給首字母或括號中的漢語意思填寫句子空格中所缺的單詞。
1．During the summer v____________, we went to the beach to have some leisure(休閑).
2． The poor old man was bitten by a p_________ snake and soon died.
3． She met with many difficulties during her a_____________ to the South Pole.
4． Seeing the famous film star was an u______________ experience for me.
5．She was so thirsty that she s________ a whole bottle of milk.
6． We _________ （認(rèn)為） that the man standing there is his elder brother.
7． The two principal political parties have ___________(聯(lián)合)to form a government.
8. The floods were a _________(災(zāi)難) in many parts of the world.
9．90% of the houses in that area were _________(毀掉) in the earthquake.
10．I'll have another ____________(機(jī)會) to visit the exhibition next year.
二、單項(xiàng)填空：
1．The weather turned out to be very good, _________ was more than we could expect.
A． what B． which C．that D． it
2． It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A． that B． which C． as D． it
3．Several weeks had gone by ___________ I realized the painting was missing.
A． as B． before C． since D． when
4． _________ you call me to say you’re not coming, I’ll see you at the theatre.
A．Though B．Whether C．Until D． Unless
5．The flowers _________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.
A．to smell B．smelling C．smell D．to be smelt
6．Now that she is out of work, Lucy _________ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A．had considered B．has been considering
C．considered D．is going to consider
7．Alice returned from the manager’s office, _________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.
A．having told B．tells C．to tell D．telling
8．My holiday wasn’t of much ________ to me.
A．service B．experience C．benefit D．tip
9. Was it __________ she said or something that she did ________ you were angry at so much?
A．what, that B．that, which C．that, what D．what, which
10．If there were no hungry problem, the people of the world should have ______ in their daily life.
A．a(chǎn) much happier time B．a(chǎn) more happier time
C．the happier time D．much happiest time
【能力拓展】
閱讀理解：
A lawyer friend of mine has devoted herself to the service of humanity. Her special area is “public interest law”.
Many other lawyers serve only clients who can pay high fees. All lawyers have had expensive and highly specialized training, and they work long, difficult hours for the money they get. But what happens to people who need legal help and cannot pay these lawyers’ fees?
Public interest lawyers fill this need. Patricia, like other public interest lawyers, gets less money than some lawyers. Because she is willing to take less money, her clients have the help they need, even if they can pay nothing at all.
Some clients need legal help because stores have heated them with bad goods. Others are in unsafe houses. Their cases are called “civil” cases. Still others are criminals(刑事犯罪), and they go to those public interest lawyers who are in charge of “criminal” cases.
These are just a few of the many situations in which the men and women who are publie interest lawyers serve to extend justice(伸張正義) throughout our society.
1．A person who needs and uses legal help is called a _________.
A． lawyer B．client C．citizen D．judge
2. Public interest lawyers serve ___________.
A．the public only B．only stores and houses
C．people who can pay high fees D．people who can pay little or nothing
3．If only the rich could be helped by lawyers, the justice system would be ________.
A．nothing but cheating B．modern
C．fair and reasonable D．in need of no changes
4．Public interest law includes __________.
A．civil cases only B．criminal cases only
C．criminal and civil cases D．wealthy clients’ cases
5．Which of the following is NOT a matter for a civil case?
A．A tenant is turned out from a house.
B． A landlord refuses to fix a dangerous house.
C． A thief is caught by the policemen.
D．A store sells a radio which doesn’t work
參考答案
高一部分
Units 3-4 (B1)
基礎(chǔ)演練
一、1．vacation 2．poisonous 3．a(chǎn)dventure 4．unforgettable 5．swallowed 6．consider 7．combined 8．disaster 9．destroyed 10．opportunity
二、1-5 BBBDB 6-10 BDCAA
能力拓展
1-5 BDACC
1．B 根據(jù)第二段第一句可知，許多律師只為那些提供高額費(fèi)用的client服務(wù)，由此判斷出其意思。
2．D 這是一個段落大意理解題。根據(jù)第三段可得出此答案。
3．A 這是一個判斷題，要求根據(jù)自己的常識去判斷這句話的意思。其意思是“如果只有有錢人才能得到律師的幫助，那么這種公平制度就是騙人的了。
4．C 見文章第四段，需要幫助的案件被分成兩種，即一種是所謂的civil cases，另一種是criminals。
5．C 根據(jù)第四段的內(nèi)容和常識，小偷被警察抓住屬于criminals，因此此選項(xiàng)符合題意的要求。