Unit 3 Travel Journal
Part One: Teaching Design (第一部分：教學(xué)設(shè)計)
Period 1: A sample lesson plan for reading
(JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG)
Aims
To talk about traveling
To read about traveling
Procedures
I. Warming up
1. Warming up by discussing
Good morning, class. Do you like traveling? Why do you like traveling? And why not? Where have you ever been before? How did you get there? If you are given a chance to travel around the world, what kind of transportations will you use and why? Now look at the following pictures and discuss it in pairs.
Name of the transportations Means of transportation Reasons
by car (in a car)
by bike
by plane (by air)
by train ( on a train)
by bus ( on a bus)
by ship (by water or by boat)
in a hot balloon
by motorbike (on a motorbike)
by jeep
by truck
in a plate
2. Warming up by looking and speaking
Now boys and girls, what do you need to take with you if you are preparing for a bike trip along the Changjiang River? Look at the pictures and tell the whole class which object you think is the most useful and which one is the least useful. Give a reason why you think so.
3. Warming up by asking and answering
Now suppose you live in Qinghai. You plan to spend a holiday with a friend somewhere in Southeast Asia. You have been given a chance to choose three places to visit. Please find out the one-way fare to get there for different kinds of transportation. Perhaps you may not know the exact fare, but you can guess how much the fare is. Please have a short discussion with your partners and then decide where to go.
Ok, now I’d like you to ask your partner the following questions.
II. Pre-reading
1. Imaging and sharing
Do you like traveling along a river, a great river? What role does a river play in people’s life? In other words, how do people who live along a river use it?
The suggested answers:
People can drink the water in a river or wash their clothes.
People can swim in a river in summer.
People can use a river to irrigate their fields.
People can use a river to produce electricity.
People can travel along a river.
2. Talking and sharing
As we all know, there are a lot of rivers in the world and also there are many great rivers. Now look at the chart. In the left column are names of some great rivers. In the right column are locations where the rivers lie. Please match them.
match answer
Names of River Location Names of River Location
Mekong India Mekong China，SE Asia
Rhine France Rhine Germany
Ganges Russia Ganges India
Seine England Seine France
Nile Central Africa Nile Egypt
Thames Germany Thames England
Congo Brazil Congo Central Africa
Niger China, SE Asia Niger West Africa
Volga US Volga Russia
Danube Egypt Danube Central Europe
Amazon West Africa Amazon Brazil
Mississippi Central Europe Mississippi US
III. Reading
1. Reading aloud to the recording
Do you know what countries the Mekong River flows through? Now look at the map of the Mekong River and point out the countries it flows through.
(China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma Vietnam)
Ok, today we’re going to read a passage about JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG. Please listen and read aloud about the recording of the text JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG. Pay attention to the pronunciation of each word and the pauses within each sentence. I will play the tape twice and you shall read aloud twice, too.
2. Reading and underlining
Now please read and underline all the useful expressions or collocations in the passage. Copy them to your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG
dream about, take a great bike trip, graduate from, got the chance to do sth., cycle along the river, go for long bike rides, mountain bike, persuade sb. to do sth., grow up, get sb. interested in sth., be stubborn, know the best way of getting to places, the source of the river, care about, give sb. a determined look, change one’s mind, at an altitude of, seem to do, the air be hard to breathe, an interesting experience, make up ones mind, give in, a large atlas with good maps, keep doing sth., at first, pass through, be surprised to do sth., half of, at last, the South China Sea
3. Reading aloud and understanding
Next we are going to read aloud the text and then answer some questions.
1) Who are Wang Kun and Wang Wei? (They are brother and sister, and both are college students.)
2) What was their dream? (Their dream was to take a great bike trip.)
3) Who are Dao Wei and Yu Hang? (They are Wang Kun’s cousins who are at a college in Kunming.)
4) Where is the source of the Mekong River and which sea does it enter?(The source of the river is in Qinghai Province and it enters the South China Sea.)
5) What can you see when you travel along the Mekong?(You can see glacier, rapids, hill, valleys, waterfalls and plains.)
6) Is it a difficult journey to cycle along the Mekong? Why? (Yes. The journey begins at an altitude of more than 5,000 meters, where it is hard to breathe and very cold.)
4. Discussing
We have got the general meaning of the passage, and we know Wang Wei and Wang Kun have some similar and different attitudes about the trip. You may have a short discussion with your partners and then fill in the chart.
Similar attitudes about the trip Different attitudes about the trip
Both Wang Wei and Wang Kun thinks:
1). taking this trip is a dream that comes true.
2). that they will enjoy this trip a lot.
3). they should see a lot of the Mekong.
4). that most of the Mekong will be found in Southeast Asia. Wang Wei believes:
1). they must start in Qinghai where the river begins/see all of the Mekong.
2). that they don’t need to prepare much.
Wang Kun believes:
1). it is too cold and high to start in Qinghai.
2). that using an atlas is very important.
IV. Closing down
Closing down by answering questions
What should you do before traveling? (Before traveling, we should make good preparations, that is, to make a plan, decide the place to visit and get enough information about the place. With full preparations we’ll have a good time during the trip.)
What will your family and your fiends say when you leave home to travel? (When we leave home, my family and my friends will say, “Have a good trip. /Have a good journey. /Have a good time.”)
Closing down by translating
In the last few minutes you are asked to translate some difficulty sentences in the passage.
Assignment
Revise the contents of the passage
Complete the passage on Page 56 in Workbook
Do exercise 2 on page 57 in you exercise books.
Period 2: A sample lesson plan for Learning about Language
(The Present Continuous Tense for future action)
Aims
To learn about the Present Continuous Tense
To discover and use some useful words and expressions
Procedures
I. Warming up
Warming up by discovering useful words and expressions
Hello everyone. After reading the passage, we have got to know the usage of the words and expressions, but we should do more practice. Now turn to page 20 to find the correct words and expressions from the passage to finish the sentences. You are given two minutes to finish them and discuss with your partners. Two minutes later, check in pairs and then check with the whole class.
II. Learning about language
1. Reading and finding
Good, you have mastered these words and expressions. Let’s turn to page 17 and look at the questions in Warming up 4. Underline the verbs in the questions, and pay attention to the verb forms and do some explanations by yourselves.
2. Learning Grammar
We can see that the verbs are all used in the “-ing” form. They are “the present continuous tense”, but they express future actions or plans. The Present Continuous Tense may be used to denote an action that can be pre-planned or prearranged instead of the future indefinite in colloquial English. But please note that, not all verbs can be used in the “-ing” form to express future actions. Such verbs as come, go, leave, fly, walk, ride, drive, stay, meet, die, see, have, arrive etc. are mainly used in the “-ing” form to express future actions.
3. Doing exercises No. 2 and 3 on page 21
Now turn to page 21 and do exercise 2. In the dialogue a newspaper reporter is interviewing Wang Wei about her plans for the trip along the Mekong River. However, they are not sure about some of the verb tenses. Can you help them complete their conversation?
Let’s continue to do exercise 3. Do you have any plans for the future yourselves? If you have any, please use the Present Continuous Tense to express your future actions. Give as much information as you can.
III. Ready used materials for the present continuous tense for future actions or plans
be + v.-ing與表示將來的時間連用，表示不久的將來，含義是“預(yù)定要做”。（這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用動作動詞或去向動詞：go, come, leave, start, arrive, travel, fly等，不適用于狀態(tài)動詞）
I’m leaving for Beijing this Friday.
My friends came over last night, and they are coming over this evening, too.
We are going to Laoshan this May Day holiday.
We had an English class this morning, and we are having another English class tomorrow.
We took six subjects last term, and we are taking seven subjects next term.
I have arrived in Beijing. I’m visiting the Great Wall tomorrow morning.
After class we are playing football on the playground.
We are flying to Shanghai next Friday.
IV. Closing down
Closing down by making a dialogue
To end the period you are going to make a dialogue in pairs to tell the whole class your plan on this Sunday.
Closing down by writing
Suppose you are planning a holiday trip. Write a short passage about your plan. You must pay great attention to the tense. The following questions can help you.
Where are you going for your holiday? Who are you going with?
How are you getting there? What are you doing there?
Where are you staying? What are taking with you?
When are you returning?
Period 3: A sample lesson plan for Using Language
(A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS)
Aims
To read the passage A NIGHT IN THE MOUNTAINS
To use the language by reading, listening, speaking and writing
Procedures
I. Warming up by talking about Tibet
Have you ever been to Tibet? Do you want to travel in Tibet? Can you tell me something about Tibet?
Tibet lies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of the southwest border of China. The average height of the whole region is more than 4,000 meters above sea level, for which Tibet is known as “Roof of the World”. The highest peak of Tibet, also the highest in Himalayas and in the whole world, is Everest Peak, which is as high as 8,846.27 meters above sea level.
Although a part of China, Tibet has a unique culture of all its own. It is mainly inhabited by Tibetans, a minority nationality of old and mysterious people. Tourist attractions include the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Jokhang Temple, and a number of Buddhist sacred places.
Tibet (Xi Zang in Chinese) is to the south of Xin Jiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Qing Hai Province, to the west of Sichuan, to the northwest of Yunnan and to the north of India and Nepal. Its population of 2.3 million people come from a variety of ethnic groups including Tibetan, Han, Monba and Lhota. Its capital city is Lhasa.
Northwest Tibet, mainly Qing Hai plateau, is home to a variety of unusual and unique animals. Across the northern expanse of Tibet, you can see vast grasslands where horses, yak and sheep roam freely. The world's lowest valley, the Grand Yarlun-tzanpo River Valley lies in east Tibet.
It is freezing cold in most time of the year. Most tourists come to visit Tibet only in the warmest seasons, June, July, August and early September.
II. Reading
1. Reading and underlining
Now let’s go on with Journey Down The Mekong with Wang Wei and Wang Kun. They are in Tibet now. Please turn to Page 22. Read the passage quickly and underline all the useful expressions and collocations in it. Copy them to your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG (II)
although, ride bicycles, in front of, as usual, need to do sth., to climb the mountain road was hard , be great fun, reach a valley, much warmer, change… into, T-shirts, shorts, in the early evening, stop to do sth., make camp, put up, after supper, go to sleep, stay awake, at midnight, become clear, so …that, the sound of the fire, travel so far, join sb., hardly wait to see, change one’s attitude.
2. Reading and translating
Next you are going to read the text JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG and translate it into Chinese.
3. Speaking
Read the passage again and find the answers to the questions:
1) How does Wang Kun feel about the trip? (He is starting to like the trip.)
2) What do you think has changed his attitude? (seeing the beautiful land)
3) Is it natural for Wang Kun not to feel lonely? (Yes. Because the scene Wang Kun saw is beautiful. The sky was clear and the stars were bright. Also their cousins are waiting for him.)
4) Would you feel the same way in this situation? Why or why not? (You may have different opinions about this. Just speak it out and let us share your idea, will you?)
Imagine that the dialogue happens the next morning before Wang Kun and Wang Wei leave their camp. Write a short dialogue between them with your partner.
Wei: You look so tired Kun: Yes, I stayed up late last night.
Wei: Really? What did you do? Kun: I watched the clear sky and the bright stars.
Wei: That’s nice. They must be pretty. Kun: Yes, they were.
III. Listening
Let’s go on with Journey Down The Mekong River (part 3) with Wang Wei. Turn to page 23 and do the listening text. Before listening to the tape, please read the words fast, then tick the words you hear on the tape. After that I’ll play the tape for the second time and then finish the chart. You should look through the chart and find out the listening points. The following questions can help you understand the listening text.
Where is the girl from?
What do people in Laos use the river for?
Why do people in Laos call the river “the sea of Laos”?
What is the river called in Tibet and Vietnam?
What other beautiful sights along the Mekong River in Laos?
IV. Guided writing
1. Reading and underlining
In this unit, we have read the first two parts of a travel journal and have listened to the third part of the travel journal. What is the difference between a journal and a diary? Let’ read the passage on page 23 and find out the difference between the two. Underline all the useful expressions and collocations in it. Copy them in your notebook after class as homework.
Collocations from Reading and Writing
put one’s thoughts into a diary, travel journey, the difference between, for on thing… for another, record one’s experiences, soon after, be familiar to, make a list of, compare…with, agree to.
Read the passage quickly and then fill in the information on the chart.
A diary A travel journal
1). Personal;
2). To try to record how the writers feel very soon after things happen 1). Isn’t as personal as a diary
2). To record the writers experiences, ideas and afterthought about what they have seen
3). Is written for a lot of readers
4). It’s topics includes people, things, and events less familiar to readers.
2 Writing a letter
Now let’s do a writing practice. Imagine that you are a friend of Wang Wei. Write a short letter to her and ask her to describe: how she feels, what she is doing, and some place you want to know about. Then wish her well on her journey by using at least two of these expressions:
Have a nice/good time. Have a nice/good trip. Take care.
Good luck on your journey. Say “Hello” to …. Write to me.
Give my best/love wishes to …. Have fun.
You can refer to the following steps.
In pairs choose the details from the journey that are most interesting. Think of what else you would like to know about the journey. Write these ideas down as questions.
Now choose two or three of the best questions for your letter. Each question should have another sentence explaining why you want to know this information.
Put them in an order that makes sense.
Begin your letter as shown in the textbook and add your questions for Wang Wei. Your writing should not be more than one paragraph.
Finish your letter as shown in the textbook.
A sample writing:
Hi, brave little Wei,
How I worry about you and Wang Kun! Do you have a good time now? I hope so. What are you doing now? Are you still in Laos? Can you tell me something about people’s life there? When are you leaving for Cambodia? When you get there, tell me about the Buddhist temples there. Please send some photos with your next letter! Well, Have a good trip and don’t forget to write to me! Give my best wishes to Wang Kun. Good luck on your journey.
Take care!
Yours,
Wang Lin
V. Further applying
1. Finding information
Go to the library to read or get online to search in order to find some places of interest in China and in the world. Take notes of your findings and tell the class which place you want to visit most next period.
2. Writing a letter
Suppose you want to travel to Yunnan Province, write a letter to one of your friends in Yunnan and ask him/her what preparations you should make and which places are worth visiting.
VI. Closing Down
Summing up
We have learned the whole unit. Let’s look at the chart on Page 24.Try to fill in it.
Part Two: Teaching Resources (第二部分：教學(xué)資源)
Section 1: A text structure analysis of JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKONG
I. Type of writing and summary of the idea
Type of writing This is a travel journal
Main idea of the passage Wang Kun and Wang Wei’s dream of taking a great bike trip, their different attitudes, Wang Wei’s determination, Wang Wei and Wang Kun’s preparations for the trip.
Topic sentence of 1st paragraph It was my sister who first had the idea to cycle along the Mekong River.
Topic sentence of 2nd paragraph Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that we find the source of the river and begin our journey there.
Topic sentence of 3rd paragraph We found a large atlas with good maps that showed the details of the world geography.
II. A diagram of JOURNEY DOWN THE MEKON
Why to travel
Their preparations
both of them bought expensive bikes.
got their cousins interested in traveling
went to the library and found a large atlas with good maps that show details of the Mekong River.
The Mekong River
1. It begins at a glacier on a Tibetan mountain which is at an altitude of more than 5000 meters.
2. It is small and the water is clean and cold at first. Then it moves quickly and passes through deep valley.
3. Half of it is in China and it is called Lancang River in China.
4. As it enters Southeast Asia , it travels slowly through hills and low valleys, and the plains where rice grow.
III. Retelling the text in about 200 words.
1. Retell the story in the third person.
2. Refer to the information in the chart above.
One possible version
Wang Kun and his sister Wang Wei dreamed about taking a great bike trip ever since their middle school days. After graduated from college, they got a chance to do it. It was Wang Wei who first had the ideas to cycle along the Mekong River from its source. They both bought expensive mountain bikes. They also got their cousins Dao Wei and Yu Hang to go who were interested in cycling, too.
Wang Wei was a stubborn girl. Although she didn’t know the best way of getting to places, she insisted that they should find the source of the river and began their journey there. When she heard the source of the Mekong River was in Qinghai, she wouldn’t change her mind. She was even excited when she knew that their journey would begin at an altitude of more than 5000 meters. She also thought that it would be an interesting experience.
Before the trip, they went to the library, where they found a large atlas with good maps. From the atlas, they learnt more information about the Mekong River.
Section 2: Background information on TRAVEL JOURNEY
I. How to plan your travel wisely
Traveling can be a fun way to gain life experiences, especially during Spring Break-a week-long school vacation in the United States.
But what if you’re a student and don’t have enough money for a trip? Don’t worry. Here are some useful tips.
Save: This probably is the most important preparation for traveling. Cut expenses(開支) to fatten your wallet so you’ll have more choices about where to go and how to get there.
Plan ahead: Don’t wait until the last minute to plan your trip. Tickets may cost more when bought at short notice(短期內(nèi)). Giving yourself several months to get ready can mean security (安全) and savings.
Do homework: No matter where you go, research the places you will visit. Decide what to see. Travel books will provide information on the cheapest hotels and restaurants.
Plan sensibly(合理的): Write down how much you expect to spend for food and hotels. Stick to your plan or you may not have enough money to cover everything.
Travel in groups: Find someone who is interested in visiting the same places. By traveling with others, you can share costs and experiences.
Work as you go: Need more money to support your trip? Look for work in the places you visit.
Go off the beaten path: Tourist cities may be expensive. You may want to rethink about your trip and go to a less-known area. Smaller towns can have many interesting activities and sights.
Pack necessary things: The most important things to take are not always clothes. Remember to take along medicine in case you get sick and snacks in case you cannot find a cheap restaurant.
Use the Internet: The Net can help you to save money. There are some useful websites such as www.travelcity.com and www.economy travel. com .
By planning sensibly, even students can enjoy their travel. Your travel experiences will be remembered for a lifetime.
II.世界著名游覽勝地英文名
1. Asia 亞洲
Mount Fuji, Japan 日本富士山
Taj Mahal, India 印度泰姬陵
Angkor Wat, Cambodia 柬埔寨吳哥窟
Bali, Indonesia 印度尼西亞巴厘島
Borobudur, Indonesia 印度尼西亞波羅浮屠
Sentosa, Singapore 新加坡圣淘沙
Babylon, Iraq 伊拉克巴比倫遺跡
2. Africa 非洲
Suez Canal, Egypt 埃及蘇伊士運河
Aswan High Dam, Egypt 埃及阿斯旺水壩
Pyramids, Egypt 埃及金字塔
The Nile, Egypt 埃及尼羅河
Nairobi National Park, Kenya 肯尼亞內(nèi)羅畢國家公園
Cape of Good Hope, South Africa 南非好望角
Sahara Desert 撒哈拉大沙漠
3.Oceania 大洋洲
Great Barrier Reef, Australia 澳大利亞大堡礁
Sydney Opera House, Australia 澳大利亞悉尼歌劇院
Ayers Rock, Australia 澳大利亞艾爾斯巨石
Mount Cook, New Zealand 新西蘭庫克山
4.Europe 歐洲
Mosque of St, Sophia in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey 土耳其圣索非亞教堂
Notre Dame de Paris, France 法國巴黎圣母院
Effiel Tower, France 法國艾菲爾鐵塔
Arch of Triumph, France 法國凱旋門
Elysee Palace, France 法國愛麗舍宮
Louvre, France 法國盧浮宮
Kolner Dom, Koln, Germany 德國科隆大教堂
Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy 意大利比薩斜塔
Colosseum in Rome, Italy 意大利古羅馬圓形劇場
Parthenon, Greece 希臘巴臺農(nóng)神廟
Red Square in Moscow, Russia 俄羅斯莫斯科紅場
Big Ben in London, England 英國倫敦大本鐘
Buckingham Palace, England 英國白金漢宮
Hyde Park, England 英國海德公園
London Tower Bridge, England 英國倫敦塔橋
Westminster Abbey, England 英國威斯敏斯特大教堂
The Mediterranean 地中海
5. America 美洲
Niagara Falls, USA 美國尼亞加拉大瀑布
Honolulu, Hawaii, USA 美國夏威夷檀香山
Panama Canal 巴拿馬運河
Yellowstone National Park, USA 美國黃石國家公園
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, USA 美國紐約大都會藝術(shù)博物館
Statue of Liberty, New York City, USA 美國紐約自由女神像
Times Square, New York City, USA 美國紐約時代廣場
The White House, Washington DC., USA 美國華盛頓白宮
World Trade Center, New York City, USA 美國紐約世界貿(mào)易中心
Central Park, New York City, USA 美國紐約中央公園
Hollywood, California, USA 美國加利佛尼亞好萊塢
Disneyland, California, USA 加利佛尼亞迪斯尼樂園
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA 美國內(nèi)華達(dá)拉斯威加斯
Section 3: Words and expressions
I. Words for reading
fare n. 1. money charged for a journey (by bus, ship, taxi, etc. ) 費用: taxi/bus/air fare單程票價, a single/one-way fare, How much is the air fare to New York? 到紐約的票價是多少錢？2. passenger in a hired vehicle （出租車輛的）乘客: The taxi driver had only six fares all day. 那計程車司機一天只載了六位乘客。
cf. finally, in the end, at last
finally: lastly；in conclusion 最后，終于。強調(diào)活動過程的終結(jié)“最后”，“末了”。一是在列舉事物或論點時引出最后一項內(nèi)容，二是用在句中動詞前面表示“等了很久……”
in the end表示經(jīng)過許多變化、困難和捉摸不定的情況之后，某事才發(fā)生。
at last也可用來表示“等候或耽誤了很久之后才……”，而且語氣很強烈：The car wouldn’t start, so finally we decided to go on foot. Four policemen rode past on their motorbikes, then came the television broadcasting car, and finally the marathon runners. We waited and waited, and the train finally arrived. He finished his long boring speech at last. Who can tell what will happen to the earth in the end?
persuade vt. 1. convince（sb.）(of the truth of sth., that sth. Is true etc.)說服，勸說 2.cause (sb.) by reasoning ( to do sth.) 借說理使(某人)(作某事);勸persuade sb. to do sth. = persuade sb. into doing sth.說服某人做某事persuade sb. not to do sth. = persuade sb. out of sth./doing sth.說服某人別做persuade sb. of sth= persuade sb. +that 從句使某人相信
cf. persuade, advise
persuade強調(diào)說服，勸說的結(jié)果； advise = try to persuade 表示勸說的動作，不強調(diào)結(jié)果: I persuaded my father to buy/into buying a new TV set.我說動我爸爸買了一臺新電視。We’ve persuaded the manager out of the impractical plan.我們已經(jīng)勸經(jīng)理停止他不切合實際的計劃。The old man persuaded us not to walk/out of walking through the thick forest alone.這位老人勸我們別獨自穿越茂密的叢林。I had tried to persuade/advised him not to stay up late, but he still didn’t go to bed until midnight.我勸他不要熬到太晚，但是他仍舊到午夜才去睡覺。 He tried to persuade me of his honesty. = He tried to persuade me that he was honest.他設(shè)法使我相信他是誠實的。
insist v. 1. (with on, upon) urge with emphasis, against opposition or disbelief; declare emphatically堅持,強調(diào): insist on/upon sth. /doing sth. 堅決做，堅持做, insist on/upon one’ s doing堅持要某人做: He insisted on his correctness.他堅持自己是對的。She insisted on/upon talking to the manager.她堅決要和經(jīng)理談?wù)劇 insist on your being there.我堅持要你在那里。2. insist that 堅持，堅決主張（所跟的賓語從句使用虛擬語氣：主語+should do,其中should可以省略）。insist that 堅持一種說法，看法或事實（所跟的賓語從句用陳述語氣及相應(yīng)的時態(tài)）: I insisted that he should come with us (insisted on his coming with us.) 我堅持要他與我們同去。The lady insisted that she had done nothing wrong and that she should be treated properly.這位女士堅持說她沒有做錯事并認(rèn)為應(yīng)該得到恰當(dāng)?shù)拇觥?/p>
determine v. determined adj. determination n.
determine vt/vi 1.be the fact that decides; (指事實)決定, determine + n. 決定，確定: The size of your feet determines the size of your shoes. Let’s determine a date for the class meeting.咱們來定一下開班會的日期吧。2. (with on or upon) decide (sb.’s future); make up one’s mind (to do sth.), settle; 決定（某人的未來）；下決心（做某事）；解決; determine on/upon (doing) sth =make up one’s mind to do sth.下決心; determine to do sth.; determine +從句; determine +疑問詞+ to do; be determined to do sth. 決心做: He determined on going to collage. = He was determined to go to collage. 他決心上大學(xué)。We determined on an early start. (determined to start early.)我們決定早開始。He firmly determined to learn Greek.他下決心讀希臘文。Have you determined where you are going to spend your holidays? = Have you determined where to spend your holidays? 你已決定將到何處度假嗎？3. cause to decide: 使決定；determine sb. to do sth.使某人決定/下決心做： What determined you to accept the offer? 什么原因使你接受此項提議？The news determined him against further delay. 此消息使他決定不再拖延。
cf. care about, care for/ care to do, care for (sb.)
care about= be worried, concerned or interested憂慮；關(guān)心；惦念：Don’t you care about anybody? 你難道誰也不關(guān)心嗎？I don’t care (about) what happens to him.我才不管他的事呢。
care for/care to do= be willing or agree (to do sth); wish or like (to do sth) 愿意或同意（做謀事）；希望或喜歡（做謀事），用于否定句或疑問句，尤與would連用Would you care for a drink? 你想要杯喝的嗎？Would you care to go for a walk? 你想出去走走嗎？
care for (sb)= a)like or love sb喜歡或愛某人；b)look after sb/take care of sb/be responsible for sb照看某人；照顧某人；對某人負(fù)責(zé): He cares her deeply他深深地愛著她。Who will care for your children if you are out? 如果你外出了，誰來照顧你的孩子？
cf. through, across穿過
across: from side to side of: 含義與on有關(guān), 表示動作是在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行的, “橫跨, 橫穿”表面。
through: (of places) from end to end or side to side of; entering at one side, on one surface, etc., and coming out at the other: 含義與in有關(guān), 表示動作是在某一物體的空間里進(jìn)行。
I walked across the square to the museum.我們走過廣場，來到博物館。
We walked through the forest. 我們穿過森林。
She swam across the river.她游過了河。
The river flows through the city from west to east.這條河從西到東流過這座城市。
II. Words for using language
cf. so far, as/so far as
so far（表距離）這/那么遠(yuǎn)；（表時間）迄今為止（常與完成式連用）： We traveled so far last year; they didn’t go so/as far as we did.我們?nèi)ツ曜吡四敲催h(yuǎn)，他們沒有走那么遠(yuǎn)。It has rained every day so far this month.到目前為止，這個月幾乎每天都下雨。
as far as和……一樣遠(yuǎn)（否定句中也用so far as）；as /so far as I know/see據(jù)我所知/看來： As far as I know, they lived in the same neighborhood據(jù)我所知，他們住在同一個小區(qū)。
record v. set down in writing for reference; preserve for use, by writing or in other ways( eg. on the magnetic tape of a tape-recorder):記錄，記載，錄音： This volume records the history of the city.這部書記錄了該城市的歷史。The wireless program was recorded. 無線電廣播是由錄音制成的。 n. make a record錄制唱片；set a record創(chuàng)記錄；break a record 打破記錄；keep a record保持記錄 ；keep a record of 把……記錄下來
cf. be familiar to, be familiar with
be familiar to sb.為某人所熟悉：I ’m familiar with the streets of the city.我對這座城市的街道很熟悉。
be familiar with sth.對某事熟悉：The city is familiar to me.這座城市對我來說很熟悉。