一． 非謂語動詞功能比較表

主語 表語 賓語 賓補 定語 狀語

動名詞 V V V X V X

不定式 V V V V V V

現(xiàn)在分詞 X V X V V V

過去分詞 X V X V V V

二． 非謂語動詞的否定式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)

1． 謂語動詞的否定式為：not+非謂語動詞（動名詞、不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞）

2.不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為：of/for+object+to do注：若其前的形容詞為情感形容詞例如：nice,kind,wrong,wise,clever,stupid,foolish,brave,naughty,careless,careful,nice,good,natural,strange,honest,polite,impolite,rude,thoughtful,cruel等；介詞宜用of;若其前的形容詞為hard,necessary,impossible,possible,expensive,useful,dangerous,bad,interesting,exciting,important,easy等，介詞宜用for。

動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)為：形容詞性物主代詞/sb’s+doing(若該結(jié)構(gòu)不位于句首作主語也可用“名詞或賓語+doing”來表示。例如：His not coming to school on time made his teacher angry.

三． 非謂語動詞用法比較

（一）。作主語比較：

1． 位于句首常用動名詞作主語。例如:Learning English well is a must for middle school student.

2． It作形式主語時，非情感形容詞或名詞作表語時常用不定式作真正主語；若useless, no use, no good作表語時，常用動名詞短語作真正主語。例如：It’s no usee crying like a child for you.

3． 不定式短語或動名詞短語用語俚語、成語中作主語時，要遵循上下文的一致性原則。例如：

1).To do is better than to say.=Doing is better than saying.2). To see is to believe=Seeing is believing.

(二)。作表語比較

1． 動名詞作表語時，說明主語的性質(zhì)，回答What的問題。例如：

-What is his job? -His job is teaching.

2． 不定式作表語時，說明主語尚未發(fā)生的動作，常表示將來的動作。例如：

When Einstein was still quite young, his wish was to become a physicist.

3.分詞作表語時，說明主語的狀態(tài)，回答How的問題�，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示“令人。。。。。。的”的意思；過去分詞作標(biāo)語，或表示“感到。。。。。。的”的意思，或表示一個已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的動作。例如：The news is exciting.

We are excited at the exciting news.The water is polluted.

(三)。作賓語比較

1.只跟不定式作賓語的及物動詞：pretend,hope,expect,desire,agree,demand,hesitate,afford,fail,set out,beg,bother,long,plan,decide,determine,manage,intend,promise,refuse,wish,hate,offer,learn,ch等2.appreciate,avoid,admit,advise,enjoy,escape,excuse,finish,mind,miss,permit,practise,pardon,recall,forbid,stop,suggest,risk,resist,imagine,understand等之后只能跟動名詞作賓語。

3.后跟動名詞作賓語的動詞詞組：give up,keep on,succeed in,look forward to,feel like,insist on,set about,oppose to,hear be fond of,be engaged in,be afraid of,thank sb for…,prefer…to…,prevent/stop/keep /save…from…,leave off,put off,can’t stand,be(get)used to,be worth,be busy,be successful in,devote …to, stick to,spend/waste…(in) …,have trouble/difficulty (in),think of,dream of,object to,How/Whaat about…?,It’s no use/good/need…,There’s no good/need…,get down to 等。

4.1)remember/forget/regret +to do sth/doing(having done)sth

2).mean to do sth/doing

3).try to do sth/doing sth.

4).go on to do sth/doing sth.

5).stop to do sth/doing sth

6).can’t help doing sth/to do sth

5.need,require,want等動詞表示“需要”時，后跟不定式的被動形式或動名詞的主動形式表示被動含義。

（四）。作賓補比較。

1． ask/tell/want/help/would like/allow/permit/advise/persuade/encourage/wish/expect sb (not) to do sth.

2． let/make/have/hear/listen to/notice/watch/see sb do sth

be made/heard/listened to/noticed/watched/seen to do sth.

3.keep sb doing sth./get the car/bus starting/send sb or sth. doing

4.have sb do sth,have sb. doing sth./have sb. done

5.see/hear sb doing sth./do sth

6.make oneself done(understood/heard/noticed/recognized)

7.find the door/windows open/closed/locked

8.find sb. seated/dressed;find stp. changed/polluted.

9.have sth（活）. doing/have sth（死）. done/ get sth（死）. done

10. get sb to do sth./get sth.(活) doing. /get sth.（死） done

11．Sb have sb/sth. left. There be sb/sth left.

(五)。作狀語比較

1． 不定式在句中只能作條件或結(jié)果狀語（只能和…enough,too…,heavy,light,difficult,hard,easy等形容詞或副詞連用。）

2． 分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語系句子的主語。如果邏輯主語與分詞呈邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，須用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語；若邏輯主語與分詞呈邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，須用過去分詞。分詞在句中可作條件、時間、方式、伴隨、讓步、（自然而然的）結(jié)果、原因、比較等狀語。

3． 如果句子的主語不是分詞的邏輯主語時，則不能用分詞作狀語，而用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)（主語+分詞；主語+介詞短語；with+賓語+介詞短語）試比較：

Book in hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

A book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

With a book in his hand, the teacher came into the classroom.

There being no bus left at night, they had to walk home.(Because there was no bus left at night,….)

（六）邏輯主語問題

分詞作狀語的邏輯主語是句子的主語；分詞作定語的邏輯主語是被修飾的名詞；分詞作賓補的邏輯主語是其賓語。

（七）作定語比較

1． 動名詞作前置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的功能或用途。（a sleeping car,a swimming pool,, a writing paper）

2． 不定式作后置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的動作的未來性，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用。

A plan/law/way to do sth.

3.單個分詞作前置定語，分詞短語作后置定語，說明所修飾的名詞的狀態(tài)。表示正在進行或主動的動作或“令人。。。。。。的”意思，常用現(xiàn)在分詞；表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生或被動的動作或“感到。。。。。。的”意思，常用過去分詞作定語。注意:polluted,enjuried,dressed,seated,broken,killed等只有過去分詞，而沒有現(xiàn)在分詞。

試比較：

The big building _________(build) over there recently will be the highest one in our city.

The big building _________(build) last year is the highest one in our city.

The big building _________(build) next year will be the highest building in our city.