語法專項系列之二
名 詞
1. 名詞是表示人、事物、地點或抽象概念的名稱的詞。
2．可數(shù)名詞：可以用數(shù)目來計算的名詞叫可數(shù)名詞。可數(shù)名詞一般有單數(shù)和復數(shù)兩種形式(少數(shù)名詞兩種形式是相同的)。
3. 不可數(shù)名詞：一般無法用數(shù)目來計算的名詞叫不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般沒有復數(shù)形式,并且不能用不定冠詞a(an)或數(shù)詞one修飾。
4. 有些單詞既是可數(shù)名詞又是不可數(shù)名詞，但是所含意義不同（[u]代表不可數(shù)名詞，[c]代表可數(shù)名詞）
adventure [u] 冒險 experience [u] 經(jīng)驗
[c] 奇遇 [c] 經(jīng)歷
beauty [u] 美麗 expression [u] 表達
[c] 美人 [c] 表情，詞語
coffee [u] 咖啡 practice [u] 實踐，練習
[c] 一倍咖啡 [c] 習慣、常規(guī)做法
difficulty [u] 困難 success [u] 成功
[c] 難事 [c] 成功的人或事
5. 單復數(shù)形式分別表示不同的意義
time 時間 wood 木頭 sand 沙子 paper 紙
times 次數(shù)，時代，倍 woods 森林 sands 沙灘 papers 試卷，論文，報紙
iron 鐵 cloth 布 glass 玻璃 water 水
irons 腳鐐，手銬 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯眼鏡 waters 大片的水，海域
work 工作 force 力量 good 益處 manner 態(tài)度
works 工廠，著作，工程 forces 軍隊 goods 貨物 manners 禮貌
6. 名詞直接作定語要注重習慣搭配。名詞作定語分類如下:
（1）表示分類意義的名詞作定語。woman driver女司機coffee cup咖啡杯
（2）表示時間，地點、稱呼等的名詞常直接作定語。
a book store書店 a college student大學生
（3）表示目的、手段、原料、來源、所屬等意義的名詞作定語。
a motor car摩托車 a straw hat草帽
（4）由man, woman,作定語的名詞詞組，變成復數(shù)時，前后兩部分都要變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式。
7．名詞的所有格
(1)表示有生命的東西的名詞，所有格一般在名詞后加“’s”，其構(gòu)成形式如下：
1）一般名詞后加“’s”。例如：my brother’s bag
2）以-s或-es結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞的所有格，只在名詞右上方加“’”。例如：the workers’ club
3）如果一樣東西為兩個人共有，則只在后一個名詞加“’s”；如果不是共有的，兩個名詞后都要加“’s”。例如：Jane and Mary’s room(共有) Jane’s and Tom’s books(不共有)
4）在表示“某人家”、“店鋪”的名詞所有格后面，一般省略它所修飾的名詞。例如：
at the doctor’s在診所 at Mr. Green’s在格林先生家
練習；
完成下列句子：
1． The railway station is ______ （兩個小時的車程）from our school.
2． My sister has two __________(牙刷)
3． Mr Johnson used to be a _______ （化學老師）and now is working in a ___________.（化工廠） chemical teacher chemical works
4． She married __________（在她三十多歲時） in her thirties
5． __________ （多么糟糕的天氣）we ‘ve been having these days. What terrible weather.
6． It is _______ （沒有用處）trying to persuade to change his idea. Of no use
7． He dropped the ___ （咖啡杯）and broke it. Coffee cup
8． I have three ______ （五美圓的票子）in my wallet. Five-dollar notes
9． He won’t lose his way because he has _______________.（方向感很好）
10Yesterda called at ___________ （瑪麗的姐姐家）
II.真題再現(xiàn)
1. The faces of four famous American presidents on Mount Rushmore can be seen from a _____of 60 miles.( 04 全國IV)
A. length B. distance C. way D. space
2. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s _____.(04天津)
A. reach B.hand C. hold D. place.
3The environmentalists and wild goats’ ____ on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment. (04上海)
A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance
4In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the____ in personality.
(04上海)
A. contact B. contrast C. connection D. conflict
5 Chinese arts have won the____ of a lot of people outside China. (04上海)
A. Enjoyment B. appreciation C. entertainment D. reputation
6 “I don’t think it’s my___ that the TV blew up. I just turned it on, that’s all,” said the boy. (03上海)
A. error B. mistake C. fault D. duty
7. ___I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.
--There is no ___ for this while you are on duty. (03北京)
A. reason B. excuse C. cause D. explanation
8. The manager has got a good business ____ so the company is doing well. (03北京)
A. idea B. sense C. thought D. thinking
9. To regain their ___ after an exhausting game, the players lay in the grass. (02上海)
A. force B. energy C. power D. health
10. According to the recent research, heavy coffee drinking and heart attack is not necessarily ___ and effect. (02上海)
A. reason B. impact C. fact D. cause.
11. As a result of destroying the forests, a large ___ of desert____ covered the land. (01上海)
A. number has B. quantity has C. number have D. quantity. have.
12. In the botanic garden we can find a(n)___ of plants that range from tall trees to small flowers.
(01上海)
A. species B. group C. amount D. variety.
13. –Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree? (01上海)
--No, it’s out of ______.
A. range B. reach C. control D. distance.
14. The life of London is made up of many different _______.(01上海)
A. elements B. sections C. materials D. realities.
15. You’ll find this map of great ______ in helping you to get around London. (.NMET98)
A. price B. cost C. value D. usefulness.
16. I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little____. (NMET96)
A. wait B. time C. patience D.rest
17.. He gain his ____ by printing ____ of famous writers.(.NMET95)
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works.
18. Here is my card. Let’s keep in______.(NMET94)
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
.19 If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a _____..(NMET97)
A. message B. letter C. sentence D. notice.
.20. Don’t leave matches or cigarettes on the table within_____ of little children.(04.湖北)
A. hand B. reach C. space D. distance
21. My ______about this weekend activity is going out with some good friends. (05安徽)
A. idea B. opinion C. mind D. thought
22. He hasn’t slept at all for three days, ________ he is tired out. .(05湖北)
A. There is no point B. There is no need C. It is no wonder D. It is no way
23. He proved himself a true gentlemen and the beauty of his_______ was seen at his best when he worked with others. (05上海)
A. temper B. appearance C. talent D. character
24 Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_________.(05天津)
A. ability B.force C. strength D. mind
25. I am sure Bill will be able to find the library-he has a good______ direction.(05浙江)
A.idea B. feeling C. experience D. sense
答案。I.1.A two hour’s drive; 2 tooth brushes; 3 chemical teacher chemical works
4 in her thirties 5 What terrible weather. 6 of no use 7 coffee cup 8 five-dollar notes
9. a good sense of direction 10 Mary’s sister’s
II.1-5 a d d d c 6-10 c b b b d 11-15 b d a a c 16-20 c d a a b 21-25 b c d c d