高二 Unit 19
重點(diǎn)知識(shí)歸納及講解
1．To be, or not to be -that is the question.
生還是死--這是個(gè)問題。
這句話是莎士比亞的戲劇《哈姆雷特》中的一個(gè)名句。意為“To live or not to live-that is the question.對(duì)于這種名句名言類的，在平時(shí)寫作中可以采用仿似的修辭手法，給人印象深刻。根據(jù)家喻戶曉的成語或諺語，臨時(shí)更換其中的某個(gè)部分，造成新的成語或諺語；或者根據(jù)古今名言警句，在保持其原句不變的情況下，更換其中部分詞語，這種修辭方式叫仿似。
eg. To lie or not to lie-the doctor’s dilemma.
撒謊還是不撒謊--醫(yī)生的難題。
To do it or not to do it is not the only question.
做還是不做這事不是唯一的問題。
2．Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.
戴王冠的頭是不能安于他的枕席的。
①本句表語uneasy放到句首，引起完全倒裝，這主要是因?yàn)橹髡Z過長(zhǎng)，為了句子平衡，我們常常把形容詞放于句首。
eg. Gone are the days when we used “foreign oil”.
我們用“洋油”的時(shí)代過去了。
Present at the meeting were the scientists, who came from different countries.
出席會(huì)議的是科學(xué)家，他們來自不同國(guó)家。
②（lie在此用作系動(dòng)詞，表示“處于某種狀態(tài)”，它的過去式和過去分詞分別為lay, lain.）
eg. The machine lay idle all week.這機(jī)器整整一周沒有開動(dòng)。
The dust has lain undisturbed for years. 塵土積在那兒很多年了。
③wear表示“穿著”指狀態(tài)，可以用進(jìn)行時(shí)；賓語除衣服鞋帽外，還可以是首飾，服飾，發(fā)型等。
eg. He’s wearing a new coat. 他穿著一件新大衣。
Does your brother wear glasses?你的弟弟戴眼鏡嗎？
He wears his hair very short.他留著短發(fā)。
She wears a string of pearls around her neck.
她的脖子上戴著一串珍珠項(xiàng)鏈。
wear還可作“（面容等）顯露，呈現(xiàn)；磨損，磨破”講
eg. She wore an angry expression.她面帶笑容。
I have worn my socks into holes.我的襪子已磨出洞來了。
3. “Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo? Deny your father, and refuse your name”
羅密歐，羅密歐，為什么你叫羅密歐？與你的父親斷絕關(guān)系，不要你這個(gè)名字了吧
deny(denied, denied, denying)作為及物動(dòng)詞，表示“否認(rèn)，不承認(rèn)；不給，不準(zhǔn)；（正式）拋棄，背棄”講。它后面可接名詞，動(dòng)名詞和賓語從句。
eg. Can you deny the truth of his statement?
你能否認(rèn)他的聲明的真實(shí)性嗎？
He denied telling me/that he had told me.
他否認(rèn)告訴過我。
I was denied the chance of going to college.
不給我上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì)。
He has denied his country and his principles!
他背棄了他的國(guó)家和他的原則！
4．What must Antonio give Shylock if he can’t pay back the debt?
如果安東尼奧不能償還夏洛克的借款，他必須給夏洛克什么？
Pay back意為“還錢給某人”，主要句型有pay sb. back(sth) 和pay sth back.例如：
I’ll pay him back with all my heart. 我將用我的生命向他償還。
Have you paid me back the money you owe me yet?
你向我借的錢還我了嗎？
Pay back還表示“懲罰，報(bào)復(fù)”。例如：
I’ll pay him back for the trick he played on me.
他對(duì)我使壞，我得治治他。
與pay搭配的常見短語有：
pay for sth.為某事吃苦頭或受懲罰
pay off帶來好結(jié)果
pay sb off付清工資予以解雇；賄賂某人
pay sth. off全部?jī)斶�
pay sth. out（按時(shí)）為某事付巨款
pay up付清全部欠款
eg. The home team paid dearly for their defensive errors.
主隊(duì)因防守錯(cuò)誤而大吃苦頭。
The gamble paid off.賭贏了。
pay off the crew of a ship 付清全部船員工資并予以解雇
pay off one’s debts, a loan, a mortgage還清債務(wù)、貸款、抵押款
I had to pay out ￡200 to get my car repaired!
我得花200英鎊修理汽車！
We’re paying out ￡300 a month on our mortgage.
我們每月要付300英鎊抵押貸款。
I’ll take you to court unless you pay up immediately.
除非馬上還請(qǐng)欠款，否則我和你打官司。
5．What makes a play a masterpiece is that the ideas behind the play are about problems which are still important to people of different ages in modern times.
一部戲劇要成為不朽之作。劇中所反映的問題就應(yīng)該對(duì)現(xiàn)代不同年齡層次的人仍然有重要的意義。
①句中what引導(dǎo)主語從句，that引導(dǎo)表語從句，which引導(dǎo)定語從句。
②people of different ages 表示所屬關(guān)系“屬于的”；
a girl of ten十歲的女孩兒
a child of strange appearance 外貌奇特的孩子
an item of value一件值錢的物品
③in modern times指“當(dāng)代”。time 表示“時(shí)期，時(shí)代”常用復(fù)數(shù)。
in ancient times 在古代；in the time of Queen Victoria 在維多利亞女王時(shí)代
6．But when the roles are turned around, it is Shylock who must beg the Duke to save his life.
但是當(dāng)角色被轉(zhuǎn)變的時(shí)候，夏洛克一定請(qǐng)求公爵饒他一命。
①turn around在這里指“（方針、立場(chǎng)等）轉(zhuǎn)變”。
②“it is shylock who”為強(qiáng)調(diào)句式，本句強(qiáng)調(diào)的是主語部分。注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特點(diǎn)是去掉It is/was和that，剩余部分經(jīng)過整理后整個(gè)句子仍然成立。
③beg sb. to do sth.意為“懇求或祈求某人做某事物”。例如：
I beg you not to take any risks.我懇求你不要冒險(xiǎn)。
7．What would you do if you had your worst enemy in your power?
①如果你最壞的敵人處于你的掌握之中，你將會(huì)怎么做？
②in one’s power意為“在某人的掌握之中，任由某人擺布”
The enemy is in our power.
敵人在我們的控制之中。
8.We can find several such ideas in Shakespeare’s play.
我們可以在莎士比亞的戲劇中找到一些這種觀點(diǎn)。
在ideas這個(gè)中心名詞前有兩個(gè)限定詞修飾。限定詞是在名詞詞組中對(duì)名詞中心詞起特指、泛指、類指以及表示確定數(shù)量和非確定數(shù)量等限定作用的詞類。限定詞包括：①冠詞 ②形容詞性物主代詞 ③名詞所有格 ④形容詞性指示代詞 ⑤所有格關(guān)系代詞 ⑥所有格疑問代詞 ⑦形容詞性不定代詞 ⑧基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞 ⑨倍數(shù)詞和分?jǐn)?shù)詞 ⑩量詞。限定詞可分為：①前位限定詞②中位限定詞 ③后位限定詞。個(gè)別限定詞有跨類現(xiàn)象，如本句such既屬予前位限定詞，又可歸入后位限定詞。當(dāng)與冠詞a, an連用時(shí)屬于前位限定詞，例如：such a suit; 當(dāng)與some, any, all, few, another, other, many, several, one, two等詞搭配時(shí)屬于后位限定詞，即such要放在這些詞之后，例如：many such books, no such car。
9．Have mercy on Antonio, Shylock.
夏洛克，對(duì)安東尼奧會(huì)仁慈一點(diǎn)吧。
句中mercy為不可數(shù)名詞，意為“仁慈，寬恕”。常見的短語有：
①have mercy on/upon sb./sth.=show mercy to sb/sth表示“對(duì)表示同情；對(duì)有憐憫之心”
②at the mercy of sb./sth任由某人或某事擺布
③throw oneself on sb’s mercy懇求某人寬恕/善待
eg. She has mercy on little animals. 她憐憫小動(dòng)物。
They showed little mercy to their enemies.他們對(duì)敵人毫不仁慈。
His life shall be at the mercy of the Duke.
他的生命將由公爵處置。
The ship was at the mercy of the storm.
那只船在暴風(fēng)雨中失去控制。
He threw himself on my mercy.他求我寬恕他。
10．I’ve promised to take my pound of flesh.
我已經(jīng)許諾割下我的一磅肉。
①promise作為及物動(dòng)詞，常接的結(jié)構(gòu)有promise to do sth; promise sb. to do sth; promise后接雙賓語和promise接從句。
eg. I never promised to obey her commands.
我從未答應(yīng)過要服從她的命令。
His pareats promised him to buy a new bike.
他父母答應(yīng)給他買輛新車。
She promised me a gift for my birthday.
她答應(yīng)送我一件生日禮物。
He promised that he would come.
他答應(yīng)來。
②flesh與meat的辨析
flesh通常指人或動(dòng)物身上的肉，也可指供食用的獸類的肉（區(qū)別于魚或禽的肉）。meat 指供食用的肉類的總稱，通常不包括魚和家禽的肉。
eg. You’re losing flesh.你瘦了。
Lions are flesh-eating animals. 獅子是肉食動(dòng)物。
I like meat while my sister likes fish.
我喜歡吃肉而我妹妹喜歡吃魚。
注意：meat 是供食用的肉類的總稱，豬肉、牛肉、羊肉等各有其專門名稱，即pork, beef, mutton
11. It’s useless trying to argue with Shylock.
盡力與夏洛克爭(zhēng)論是沒有用的。
It’s useless doing= It’s no use doing表示“做沒有用處”
由it作形式主語，真正的主語是后面的動(dòng)名詞。例如：
It is no use learning without thinking.學(xué)而不思則罔。
It’s no good crying over spilt mick.覆水難收。
12．You might as well go stand upon the beach and argue with the sea.
你還不如站在海灘上跟大海講理去。
①might as well表示給人提出建議時(shí)的常見的短語，意為“不妨好，還是好。”
I might as well tell you the truth.
我還是告訴你事實(shí)真相的好。
②go stand upon sth.表示“去站在上面”。例如：
Would you please go stand upon that board?
你愿意去站在那塊板上嗎？
He dare not go stand upon that high tower.
他不敢去站在那座高塔上。
13. Pass judgement on me and give Shylock what he wants.
對(duì)我宣判吧，把夏洛克想要得到的東西給他吧。
pass judgment on sb.表示“對(duì)某人宣判”。
eg. When will the judge pass judgement on that woman?
法官什么時(shí)候?qū)δ莻�(gè)女子審判？
The court will not pass judgement on him until next Sunday.
直到下周日法庭才會(huì)對(duì)他宣判。
14. If you offered me six times what you have just offered, I would still take my pound of flesh.
即使你愿意給我六倍個(gè)剛才你提出的那個(gè)錢數(shù)，我還是要拿回我應(yīng)得的那一磅肉。
①本句為虛擬語氣，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。
②offer即可作動(dòng)詞又可以作名詞，表示主動(dòng)提出，提供（一種東西或一項(xiàng)建議）；還表示出價(jià)，與介詞for連用
eg. The young man offered the old man his own seat.(offer sb. sth.)
那位年輕人主動(dòng)將自己的座位讓給了老大爺。
I offered him fifty thousand dollars for the house.(offer sb. money for sth.)
我向他出價(jià)5萬美金買這棟房子。
He offered to lend me some books.(offer to do)
他主動(dòng)提出借一些書給我。
③times(n.)在此處用來表示倍數(shù)。用times表示“甲是乙的幾倍大（高、長(zhǎng)、寬等）”。
（1）“甲比乙大（高、長(zhǎng)、寬等）幾倍”，可以用下列句型：
A is three times the size(height, length, width, etc) of the old one.
The new building is four times the size(the height) of the old one.
這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大（四位高）。（這座新樓比那座舊樓大三倍[高三倍]了）
This street is four times the length(the width) of that one.
這條街是那條街的四倍長(zhǎng)（四倍寬）。
The size(The height) of the new building is four times that of the old one.
這座新樓的大小（高度）是那座舊樓的四倍。（由于句首已用了the size, the height, 所以在four times后面用代詞that來代替，以避免重復(fù)。）
（2）A is three times as big(high, long, wide, etc) as B
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。（亞洲比歐洲大三倍。）
This box is three times as heavy as that one.
這個(gè)箱子是那個(gè)箱子的三倍重。
（3）A is three times bigger (higher, longer, wider)than B
The meeting-room is three times bigger than our office.
會(huì)議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。
注意：用times表示倍數(shù)，一般只限于表示包括基數(shù)在內(nèi)三倍或三倍以上的數(shù)。表示兩倍可以用twice(adv.)或double(adj.)。例如：
The room is twice the size of that one.= This room is twice as big as that one.
這個(gè)房間是那個(gè)房間的兩倍大。
Our total income of 2004 was double of 2000.
我們2004年的總收是2000年的兩倍。
15．How can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none?
如果你一點(diǎn)兒都不對(duì)別人表現(xiàn)仁慈，又怎么能希望自己得到仁慈？
①when 在此處引導(dǎo)一個(gè)條件狀語從句
②hope不能直接跟賓語，它需要一個(gè)介詞for。
eg. Hope for the best, prepare for the worst.
抱最好的希望，作最壞的準(zhǔn)備。
We are hoping for better weather soon.
我們期待天氣會(huì)很快好轉(zhuǎn)。
16．I desire my pound of flesh.
desire 是及物動(dòng)詞，意為“渴望，要求，期望”。后面可接名詞（代詞）、動(dòng)詞不定式及從句作賓語。
eg. All of us desire better life and more education.
我們所有人都渴望更好的生活和更多的教育。
We always desire to live in peace with our neighbour.
我們總是渴望與鄰國(guó)和平相處。
Mr Wang desires that you should go to the teacher’s office at once.
王老師希望你立刻到教師辦公室去。
desire還可作名詞，意為“渴望，要求”
eg. At the desire of the teacher, we should finish our homework on time.按照老師的要求，我們應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成作業(yè)。
17. I do not envy you your job. This is a most troublesome case.
我不羨慕你的工作，這是一件是棘手的案件。
①envy sb. sth表示“羨慕某人，嫉妒某人”。
I envy you very much.我真羨慕你。
She envies me my good health.她羨慕我身體好。
②a most+adj.= a very + adj.表示“一個(gè)很的”。
the most+形容詞最高級(jí)表示“最之意”，這時(shí)句末一定要有表達(dá)范圍的介詞of或in.
eg. Dalian is a most beautiful coastal city.
大連是一座很美的海濱城市。
This is a most enjoyable party.這是一次令人極為愉快的晚會(huì)。
She worked out the most difficult problem of the three.
她解出了這三道題中最難的一道。
Mary is the most beautiful girl in our class.
瑪麗是我們班里最美的女孩。
18．What are you accused of ?你因什么而受到起訴？
accuse sb. of sth. 意為“因控告人，告發(fā)，指責(zé)人”
eg. The police accused him of theft.警方控告他偷竊。
He was accused of murder. 他被控謀殺。
She accused him of being late.她指責(zé)他遲到。
19．Let me tear up this paper.讓我們這張借條撕了吧。
句中的tear up的意思是“撕毀”
eg. She tore up all the letters he had seut her.
她把他寫來的信都撕了。
tear up可以引申為“不履行”。
eg. He accused his secretary of tearing up the agreement.
他控告他的助理不履行協(xié)議。
tear down意為“弄倒，拆除”。
eg. They are tearing down those old house to build a new office block.
他們拆除那些舊房子以便蓋一座新辦公樓。
20．Antonio, get ready and offer up your breast.
安東尼奧，準(zhǔn)備好露出你的胸膛。
offer up 在本句中意為“奉獻(xiàn)”，主要用于表示向上帝或神祭獻(xiàn)某人或某物。例如：
She offered up a prayer to God for her husband’s safe return.
她向上帝祈討保佑她丈夫平安回來。
21．I declare the court allows it and the law gives it to you.
我宣布法庭允許你，法律判給你這一磅肉。
declare表示“正式宣布（某事）；表明，鄭重地說（某事）”。
eg. America declared war on Iraq last year.
去年美國(guó)向伊拉克宣戰(zhàn)。
They declared him(to be) the winner.
他們宣布他為得勝者。
He declared that he had nothing to do with the matter.
他宣稱自己與此事無關(guān)。
She was declared(to be) guilty. 已宣判她有罪。
22．He agreed to lend Antonio the money on one condition.
他同意借錢給安東尼奧，但有個(gè)條件。
condition在此處意為“條件”，需要識(shí)記的短語為：
on this/that condition在這種或那種情況下
on what condition 在什么情況下
on no condition無論什么情況都不
in condition健康良好
out of condition身體不佳
on condition that是從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“只有在條件下”（=only if），“條件是”。
eg. You may borrow this book on condition that you do not lend it to anyone else.你可以借這本書，條件是不能再借給別人。
Ability and effort are conditions of success.
才能和努力是成功的條件。
On this condition you may go home earlier.
在這種情況下，你可以早一點(diǎn)回家。
On what condition will you agree with me?
什么條件下，你才能同意我？
He can’t climb the mountain because he is out of condition.
他不能爬山，因?yàn)樗眢w欠佳。
23．He is young, but I never knew so young a body with so wise a head.他很年輕，但是我過
去從來不知道有這么年輕又如此聰明的人。
在一個(gè)名詞詞組中，不定冠詞a/an通常用在形容詞的前面。如a serious mistake。但是，如果形容詞前面有so, too, how時(shí)，a/an 就該放在形容詞后面，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“so/too/how+adj+a/an+n.”。能夠構(gòu)成這種結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞必須是單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。
eg. Did you notice that you have made so serious a mistake?
你是否注意到你出了一個(gè)很嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)？
It’s too difficult a book for beginners.
這本書對(duì)初學(xué)者是太難了。
How wonder ful a plan it would be! 那該是一個(gè)多么好的計(jì)劃啊。
試比較：He is so good a teacher that we all like him.= He is such a good student that we all like him.
練一練：用so, such填空
1.__________ big a city 2._____________ a pretty girl
3.__________ good students 4._____________fine weather
5.__________many books 6._____________much water
7.__________ little food 8._____________ few oranges
答案：
1. so 2. such 3. such 4. such 5. so 6. so 7.so 8. so
24.You want justice, so you get justice, more than you wanted.
他要求公正，那么就讓你得到公證，比你要求的還要多。
shall 在此處用于第二人稱，表示說話人的允諾，意思是“可以”。
在本劇的最后還有：everything that he owns shall be taken away from him. One half of his money and his goods shall be givenand the other half shall be given兩句中的shall用于第三人稱，表示法令、規(guī)章等中的規(guī)定，意思是“必須”。shall 用于第二、三人稱，還表示決心、命令、警告、要求、義務(wù)等。
eg. He shall answer for his misdeeds.他應(yīng)當(dāng)為他的錯(cuò)誤行為負(fù)責(zé)。
You shall have a nice present for your birthday.
你過生日時(shí)將會(huì)得到一份精美的禮物。
Nothing shall stop us from carrying out this plan.
什么也不能阻止我們實(shí)現(xiàn)這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。
shall用于第一、三人稱的疑問句，表示說話人征求對(duì)方意見。
eg. Shall we go now?我們現(xiàn)在走可以嗎？
She he come in?可以讓他進(jìn)來嗎？
25．Therefore, go down on your knees and beg the Duke for mercy.
因此，跪下來請(qǐng)求公爵的寬恕吧。
①go down on one’s knees 的意思是“跪下”、“屈膝”。
They will never go down on their knees before the oppressors.
他們絕不向壓迫者屈膝。
②beg for意為“乞求，請(qǐng)求”
He went down on his knees and begged for forgiveness.
他跪下來請(qǐng)求饒恕。
26．My money and goods are as dear to me as life itself.
我的錢和財(cái)產(chǎn)對(duì)我就像生命一樣寶貴。
dear 在此處的意思是“珍貴的”
He lost everything that was dear to him.
他表達(dá)了他所珍貴的一切。
goods在此處的意思的“動(dòng)產(chǎn)”。
27．Shylock must promise to leave the money upon his death to his daughter and her husband.
夏洛克必須答應(yīng)在他死后把這筆錢給他的女兒和女婿。
①句中的upon 等于on,表示“就在某時(shí)或某場(chǎng)合之后。”例如：
Upon my arrival home I found there was something strange.
我一到家就發(fā)現(xiàn)不對(duì)勁。
On asking for information I was told I must wait.
我一打聽，說我得等著。
②leave sth. to sb.表示“將某事物遺贈(zèng)給某人；死后留下某物給某人”
leave all one’s money to charity把所有的錢遺贈(zèng)給慈善事業(yè)。