詞匯導(dǎo)練
1．Little Tom b____________like a gentleman at yesterday’s party.
2．Volunteers serve as ____________ (advocate)for abused children.
3．As many as 30,000 refugees died of hunger and lacking m____________care.
4．The shop assistant didn’t take the customer’s request s____________，as a result，his prize was kept back by the boss.
5．He is now out of work as a result of his c____________，which resulted in a great loss in business.
6．I can’t tell you____________(明確地)when I can finish the project.
7．Copper____________(傳導(dǎo))electricity better than other materials do.
8．He____________(尋求)revenge(報(bào)復(fù))against Surkov for separating him from his wife and son.
9．She wanted to be the first woman to climb Mount Everest，and she almost____________(成功)．
10．He had got prepared to take the____________(后果)of losing money when he decided to invest at the beginning.
11．Although he researches cloning，his____________(intend) has been to create copies of humans.
12．After all，scientists have been challenging questions of ____________(moral)for centuries.
1．behaved 2.advocates 3.medical 4.seriously 5.carelessness 6.definitely 7.conducts 8.sought 9.succeeded 10.consequence 11.intention 12.morality
短語(yǔ)匯集
1．________________ 一方面
2．________________ 指出
3．________________ 一般來(lái)說(shuō)，總體而言
4．________________ 義無(wú)反顧地進(jìn)行，努力推進(jìn)
5．________________ 以……告終
6．________________ 供出售，待銷(xiāo)售
7．________________ 用完，耗盡
8．________________ 準(zhǔn)備就緒，布置妥當(dāng)
9．________________ 想出，理解，明白；計(jì)算出，演算出
10．________________ 幾天前；那天
11．________________ 對(duì)某人而言
12．________________ 贊同，支持
13．________________ 觀點(diǎn)
14．________________ 結(jié)果是，結(jié)果證明
1.on the one hand 2.point out 3.in general 4.push ahead with 5.end up 6.for sale 7.use up 8.put...in place 9.figure out 10.the other day 11.on one’s part 12.in favour of 13.point of view 14.turn out
語(yǔ)句試譯
1．(回歸課本P58)________ ________that is best for nature is good for people.
并非對(duì)自然有益的一切事情對(duì)人類(lèi)都是好的。
2．(回歸課本P58)Most of the time________ ________ ________ ________humans are not really profiting when they damage the environment.
在多數(shù)情況下，其結(jié)果是，人類(lèi)在破壞環(huán)境之際沒(méi)有真正受益。
3．(回歸課本P42)A recent announcement by scientists________they have successfully cloned the first human embryo has caused much debate...
科學(xué)家最近宣布，他們已經(jīng)成功克隆出第一個(gè)人類(lèi)胚胎，這在全球范圍內(nèi)引起了爭(zhēng)論……
4．(回歸課本P42)In China，scientists have focused their efforts on cloning animals，________ ________ ________stem cells to be used in medical research.
在中國(guó)，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)致力于克隆動(dòng)物，以及將在醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域中被使用的干細(xì)胞。
5．(回歸課本P43)________ ________ articles related to science，we often come across difficult or unfamiliar words.
在閱讀有關(guān)科學(xué)的文章時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到難理解或不熟悉的單詞。
1.Not everything 2.it turns out that 3.that 4.as well as 5.When reading
核心知識(shí)
1.normal adj. 正常的；正規(guī)的，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的
n． 正規(guī)；常態(tài)
(回歸課本P42)She was born in 1996 and died in early 2003，at a much younger age than normal.
她出生于1996年，死于2003年初，死時(shí)年齡比正常死亡年齡都小。
11
歸納拓展
It is normal for sb.to do sth.
對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事正常
back to normal恢復(fù)正常
above/below normal超出/低于正常水平
abnormal adj.反常的(反義詞）
例句探源
①Rewrite the inverted sentences using normal word order.
用正常語(yǔ)序改寫(xiě)下列倒裝句。
②So as you can see from what I’ve said，I’m a normal kind of people.
所以從我的敘述你可以了解到，我是一個(gè)很普通的人。
③(朗文P1392)It’s normal to feel nervous on your first interview.第一次參加面試感到緊張是正常的。
④(牛津P1358)Things soon returned to normal.
情況很快恢復(fù)了正常。
易混辨析
normal，common，ordinary，usual，regular
(1)normal與norm(規(guī)范，標(biāo)準(zhǔn))同源，意為“符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的，正常的，正規(guī)的”。
(2)common用于物，指“因?yàn)槌Ｒ?jiàn)而不稀奇，很平常”；用于人，指“沒(méi)有職位，不高貴”，強(qiáng)調(diào)具有某種共同點(diǎn)。
(3)ordinary指與一般事物的性質(zhì)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相同，強(qiáng)調(diào)“平常、平庸”而無(wú)特別之處。
(4)usual指“經(jīng)常的，慣用的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)習(xí)慣性的、符合規(guī)律制定的或一貫如此的。
(5)regular強(qiáng)調(diào)有規(guī)律的、定期的、固定不變的。
①We’re open during normal working hours.
②He was clearly no ordinary student.
③Let’s meet at the usual time.
④Jim is a common English name.
1．Letterboxes are much more________in the UK than in the US，where most people have a mailbox instead.
A．common B．normal
C．ordinary D．usual
解析：選A。句意：信箱在英國(guó)比在美國(guó)更常用，在美國(guó)大多數(shù)人都有一個(gè)郵箱。common的意思是“普通的，平常的”；normal的意思是“正常的，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的”；ordinary的意思是“普通的，平凡的”；usual的意思是“平常的，慣例的”，表示發(fā)生的頻率，平常發(fā)生的。
2.(2010年高考福建卷)Drunk driving，which was once a________occurrence，is now under control.
A．general B．frequent
C．normal D．particular
解析：選B。醉酒駕車(chē)曾經(jīng)是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情，現(xiàn)在得到了控制。frequent頻繁的，經(jīng)常的，符合題意。general一般的，全面的；normal正常的；particular特別的。
2.intention n． 意圖，目的，企圖
(回歸課本P42)However，some people consider that cloning human embryos with the intention of destroying them shows no respect for human life.
但也有人認(rèn)為，懷著摧毀人類(lèi)胚胎的意圖來(lái)克隆人類(lèi)胚胎，這是對(duì)人類(lèi)生命的不尊重。
歸納拓展
(1)with the intention of doing/to do...
為了，以……為目的/意圖
without intention非故意地，無(wú)意地
by intention故意地
(2)intend v.打算，意欲，想要
intend to do/doing sth.打算做某事
intend sb.to do sth.打算讓某人做某事
intend sb.for sth.要使某人成為……
intend sth.for sb.為某人準(zhǔn)備某物
be intended for為……準(zhǔn)備的
例句探源
①I(mǎi)t is not my intention to argue with you.
我不是想和你爭(zhēng)論。
②We intend the news report as teaching material.
我們打算把這篇新聞報(bào)道當(dāng)作教材用。
③The book is intended for children.
這書(shū)是給孩子們用的。
④(朗文P1077)The music is different from how we intended it to sound.這音樂(lè)聽(tīng)起來(lái)和我們想要的不一樣。
⑤(牛津P1062)He intended her no harm.
他無(wú)意傷害她。
3.She went to Japan with the ________ of learning Japanese.
A．help B．idea
C．concept D．intention
解析：選D。with the intention of是固定搭配，意為“抱有……的目的，打算”。
4.The newlyMpublished book，which refers ________ basic English grammar，is ________ only for beginners.
A．a(chǎn)s；meant B．for；intended
C．to；planned D．to；intended
解析：選D。refer to為固定短語(yǔ)，此處意為“涉及”；be intended for為固定搭配，意為“專(zhuān)為……準(zhǔn)備”。
5．完成句子
(1)為了提高英語(yǔ)水平，他決定出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)。
He has decided to go abroad to study________ ________ ________ ________improving his English.
答案：with the intention of
(2)我認(rèn)為他這樣做不是故意的。
I don’t think he did it ________ ________/________ ________.
答案：by intention/on purpose
3.desperate adj. 拼命的，不顧一切的，孤注一擲的，鋌而走險(xiǎn)的
(回歸課本P42)I am desperate to have a child of my own’，she says.
她說(shuō)“我現(xiàn)在迫不及待地想要有個(gè)自己的孩子”。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①I(mǎi) was so desperate on hearing that.
聽(tīng)到這消息我簡(jiǎn)直絕望了。
②Oliver，who was desperate with hunger and misery，rose from the table and walked towards the master with his bowl and spoon in his hand.
奧利弗已經(jīng)被饑餓與苦難逼得什么都顧不上，他從桌邊站起來(lái)，手里拿著湯匙和碗，朝大師傅走去。
③His failure made him desperate.
失敗讓他鋌而走險(xiǎn)。
④The man lost in the desert was desperate for water.
在沙漠中迷路的人極度渴望得到水。
⑤(朗文P548)Many East Germans were desperate to leave their homeland.許多東德人拼命想離開(kāi)自己的家鄉(xiāng)。
⑥(牛津P542)In desperation，she called Louise and asked for her help.
在走投無(wú)路的情況下，她給路易絲打了個(gè)電話(huà)幫忙。
6．She was________to tell her grandfather that she had won the first in the composition test.Which of the following is wrong?
A．hoped B．eager
C．a(chǎn)nxious D．desperate
解析：選A。句意：她急于想告訴爺爺她在作文競(jìng)賽中得了第一。下面哪項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的？be desperate/eager/anxious to do sth.急于想做某事；hope不能帶sb.to do，所以不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，故選A項(xiàng)。
4.conclude vt.& vi. 總結(jié)，下結(jié)論；結(jié)束；最后說(shuō)
(回歸課本P56)To conclude，I urge you to seek the opinions of the people of the UK on this matter so we can end this immoral practice immediately.
總之，我奉勸你征求英國(guó)人在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上的看法以便我們立刻終止這種不道德的行為。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P410)The sales convention will conclude as planned on Sunday.銷(xiāo)售會(huì)議將于周日如期結(jié)束。
②(牛津P409)What do you conclude from that?
你從這些事實(shí)中得出什么結(jié)論？
③Aristotle concluded that heavy objects always fell faster than light ones.
亞里士多德斷定重物總比輕物下落快。
④They came to the conclusion that it was a thief who had stolen their diamond necklace.
他們斷定是小偷偷走了他們的鉆石項(xiàng)鏈。
⑤In conclusion，I think there is hope for the future.
總之，我認(rèn)為將來(lái)還有希望。
7．完成句子
(1)從他的外表，我們可以有把握地?cái)喽ㄋ麩煶榈煤軆础?/p>
From his appearance we may safely________ ________he is a heavy smoker.
答案：conclude that
(2)音樂(lè)會(huì)最后以演奏國(guó)歌結(jié)束。
The concert________ ________the National Anthem.
答案：concluded with
(3)最后，我想感謝大家的幫助。
________ ________，I want to thank everyone for your help.
答案：To conclude
(4)你得出了什么結(jié)論？
________ ________did you come to?
答案：What conclusion
(5)總之，我想說(shuō)我今天過(guò)得很開(kāi)心。
________ ________，I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.
答案：In conclusion
5.succeed vi. 成功；達(dá)到目的，辦到，做成；接替，繼任；繼承
(回歸課本P42)China has succeeded in producing clones of cows and goats，and continues to research ways in which cloning can benefit mankind.
中國(guó)成功地克隆出了牛和羊，并且繼續(xù)研究克隆有益于人類(lèi)的方式。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①(朗文P2059)Officers succeeded in persuding the man to put down his gun.
警察成功說(shuō)服那名男子放下了槍。
②Adams succeeded Washington as President.
亞當(dāng)斯接替華盛頓任總統(tǒng)。
③(牛津P2017)She succeeded to the throne in 1558.
她于1558年繼承王位。
④Finally，I wish this year’s English speech competition a great success.
最后，我預(yù)祝今年的英語(yǔ)演講比賽取得圓滿(mǎn)成功。
8．一句多譯
他事業(yè)有成。
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
答案：(1)He succeeds in his career.
(2)He is successful in his career.
(3)He is a success in his career.
6.involve vt. 包含，包括；涉及；使參與；影響；與……有關(guān)
(回歸課本P49)Although it involves some cost on your part，you will definitely agree it’s worth it!
盡管它包括你要承擔(dān)的一部分費(fèi)用，你一定會(huì)認(rèn)為它很值！
歸納拓展
例句探源
①Taking the job involves living abroad.
接受這項(xiàng)工作就必須在國(guó)外生活。
②(朗文P1091)A study involving longdistance runners is being done at the Medical Center.
醫(yī)學(xué)中心正在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)涉及長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員的研究。
③(牛津P1078)I was so involved in my book I didn’t hear you knock.
我全神貫注在看書(shū)，沒(méi)聽(tīng)到你敲門(mén)。
9．完成句子
(1)任務(wù)包括閱讀課文和設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題與答案。
The tasks involve _____ texts and ______ questions and answers.
答案：reading；designing
(2)我卷入了湯姆和杰克的爭(zhēng)吵。
I____ ____ ____the quarrel between Tom and Jack.
答案：got involved in
(3)他專(zhuān)心致志地制訂計(jì)劃。
He_______ _______ _______working out a plan.
答案：was involved in
7.urge vt. 敦促，催促，力勸；強(qiáng)烈要求；極力主張
n． 迫切要求，強(qiáng)烈欲望
(回歸課本P56)To conclude，I urge you to seek the opinions of the people of the UK on this matter so we can end this immoral practice immediately.
最后，我力勸你去征求一下英國(guó)人關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)，以便我們能立即結(jié)束這種不道德的行為。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①He had been urged by his spiritual leader to enter the marathon though he had done no training.
盡管從未訓(xùn)練過(guò)，他的精神領(lǐng)袖還是力勸他參加這次馬拉松比賽。
②(朗文P2265)During summer vacation，Mrs.White regularly urged books on me.
暑假中，懷特夫人常常敦促我讀書(shū)。
③(牛津P2223)The report urged that all children be taught to swim.這份報(bào)告呼吁給所有的兒童教授游泳。
10．翻譯句子
(1)他極力勸她學(xué)好物理。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：He urged her to study physics well/into studying physics well.
(2)他們敦促我們和他們一起去。
________________________________________________________________________
答案：They urged us to go with them./They urged that we(should)go with them.
8.seek vt. 征求，尋求；探索，探尋
(回歸課本P56)To conclude，I urge you to seek the opinions of the people of the UK on this matter so we can end this immoral practice immediately.
最后，我力勸你去征求一下英國(guó)人關(guān)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)，以便我們能立即結(jié)束這種不道德的行為。
歸納拓展
(1)seek peace/happiness/help/friendship
尋求和平/快樂(lè)/幫助/友誼
seek advice/wealth/fame征求建議/追求財(cái)富/名譽(yù)
(2)seek to do sth.＝try to do sth.試圖做某事seek after/for 尋找，追求
seek out 找出，找到
seek through搜查遍(某處)
例句探源
①I(mǎi) went to the American embassy to seek help，but...
我去美國(guó)大使館尋求幫助，但是……
②We must seek out a solution to the problem.
我們必須找出解決這問(wèn)題的方法。
③(朗文P1845)Local schools are seeking to reduce the dropout rate.地方學(xué)校都在尋求降低輟學(xué)率。
11．完成句子
(1)世界上的許多動(dòng)物園繼續(xù)努力從中國(guó)尋求熊貓。
Many zoos around the world continue to________ ________ ________China.
答案：seek panda from
(2)我們力求找一種方法能使我們和周?chē)娜讼嗵幦谇ⅰ?/p>
We________ ________ ________a way to get along well with the people around us.
答案：seek to find
(3)我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)貪圖安逸，追名逐利。
One mustn’t________ ________comfort，personal fame and gains.
答案：seek after
9.point out 指出
(回歸課本P42)On the one hand，some scientists point out that if you clone an embryo，you can produce valuable tissues and organs that could be used to save human lives.
一方面，一些科學(xué)家指出如果你克隆一個(gè)胚胎，你就可以生產(chǎn)出有價(jià)值的組織和器官，用來(lái)挽救人類(lèi)生命。
歸納拓展
point to/point at sb./sth.指向某人或某物
point...at...把……指向；把……對(duì)準(zhǔn)，瞄準(zhǔn)(某人用槍對(duì)準(zhǔn)某人某物等)
point to表明，指向(主語(yǔ)為證據(jù)、時(shí)針以及賓語(yǔ)為某一方向時(shí))
to the point中肯，切題，切中要害
off the point 離題
be on the point of doing sth.正要做某事時(shí)
there is no point in doing sth.做某事沒(méi)意義
例句探源
①(牛津P1527)He pointed out the dangers of driving alone.
他指出單獨(dú)駕車(chē)的危險(xiǎn)性。
②When the mistake was pointed out to him he hastened to correct it.
當(dāng)向他指出錯(cuò)誤后，他連忙予以糾正。
③(朗文P1569)She pointed at my plate and asked why I wasn’t eating.
她用手指指我的盤(pán)子，問(wèn)我為什么不吃。
12．完成句子
(1)他向我們指出晚上獨(dú)自外出的危險(xiǎn)。
He ________ ________the dangers of going out alone at night.
答案：pointed out
(2)所有的跡象表明，來(lái)年是成功的一年。
All the signs ________ ________ a successful year ahead.
答案：point to
(3)他指出我的錯(cuò)誤。
He ________ ________my mistake.
答案：pointed out
(4)他指出，那個(gè)計(jì)劃有嚴(yán)重的缺陷。
He________ ________that the project lacked one important thing.
答案：pointed out
(5)我正要站起來(lái)回答問(wèn)題，這時(shí)鈴響了。
I _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______the questions when the bell rang.
答案：was on the point of answering
(6)既然他已經(jīng)聽(tīng)說(shuō)了這個(gè)消息，就沒(méi)有必要告訴他了。
Since he has heard about it，________ ________ ________ ________ ________him about the news.
答案：there is no point telling
10.end up 以……告終
(回歸課本P43)We could produce a monster，or even a superhuman race that could one day end up replacing us.
我們可能會(huì)制造出一個(gè)怪物，甚至是一個(gè)最終有一天會(huì)取代我們?nèi)祟?lèi)的超人類(lèi)物種。
歸納拓展
end up doing sth.結(jié)束做某事
end up in＋n.以……而告終/結(jié)束
end up as＋n.以……身份而結(jié)束
end up＋adj.以……而結(jié)束
come to an end結(jié)束，告終
bring...to an end使……結(jié)束
put an end to...結(jié)束……
make ends meet使收支相抵
from beginning to end從頭到尾
例句探源
①I(mǎi)f you try to remember everything you will end up remembering nothing.
如果你想記住所有內(nèi)容，結(jié)果反而會(huì)什么也記不住。
②(朗文P669)You could end up dead if you are not careful.
如果你不小心就可能送命。
③His last attempt at directing a movie ended up in failure.
他最后一次導(dǎo)演電影的嘗試以失敗告終。
13．完成句子
(1)我們?cè)?jì)劃出去的，但結(jié)果卻是在家看電視。
We were going to go out，but ________ ________ ________ TV at home.
答案：end up watching
(2)如果你繼續(xù)這樣下去，你早晚得進(jìn)監(jiān)獄。
If you go on like this，you’ll ________ ________ ________ prison.
答案：end up in
(3)無(wú)論你是否已準(zhǔn)備好，有一天生命都將要走到盡頭。
Ready or not，someday it will all _______ ______________ _______.
答案：come to an end
(4)他們失業(yè)了，還要養(yǎng)活兩個(gè)小孩，無(wú)法維持起碼的生活。
Being out of work and having two young children，they found it impossible to ________ ________ ________.
答案：make ends meet
11.put...in place 準(zhǔn)備就緒，布置妥當(dāng)
(回歸課本P45)I believe that strict laws should be put in place and governments should do more to stop human cloning.
我認(rèn)為嚴(yán)格的法律應(yīng)落實(shí)到位，且政府應(yīng)采取更多措施來(lái)阻止克隆人類(lèi)。
歸納拓展
例句探源
①The ropes hold you in place so that you don’t fall.
繩子會(huì)把你固定在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢茫瑥亩蛔屇愕粝氯ァ?/p>
②The chairman was ill so his secretary spoke in his place.
主席病了，因此他的秘書(shū)代替他發(fā)言。
③(朗文P1549)Look at that！You got all of my notes out of place!
看！你把我的筆記都弄亂了！
④(牛津P1508)Of course I was upset－just put yourself in my place.
我當(dāng)然不高興--你設(shè)身處地為我想想。
14．完成句子
(1)一切準(zhǔn)備就緒馬上出發(fā)。
_____everything ____ _____and start out at once.
答案：Put；in place
(2)他的話(huà)說(shuō)得相當(dāng)不得體。
His remarks were rather ______ ______ _____.
答案：out of place
(3)他將代替我去參加下周舉行的會(huì)議。
He will ______ ______ ______ ______ _____to attend the meeting to be held next week.
答案：take the place of me
句型解析
1【教材原句】 Not everything that is best for nature is good for people.(P58)
并非所有對(duì)自然界來(lái)說(shuō)最好的東西都意味著對(duì)人類(lèi)來(lái)說(shuō)也是好的。
【句法分析】 not everything“并非所有的東西”，表示部分否定。
歸納拓展
含有全體概念的代詞、形容詞或副詞，all，both，every，everyone，everything，everybody，everywhere，necessarily，entirely，altogether，absolutely，whole，wholly，completely，always，often，quite等與not搭配使用時(shí)，表示部分否定，意為“并非都是；不是每個(gè)都是”等。
15．一句多譯
(1)我所有的同學(xué)不都是團(tuán)員。
____________________________ League members.
____________________________ League members.
答案：Not all of my classmates are；All of my classmates are not
(2)他們兩個(gè)并不全是醫(yī)生。
Not both of them are doctors.＝________ of them are ________ doctors.
答案：Both；not
(3)不是每個(gè)人都能做這件事。
________________ can do it.＝________________ do it.
答案：Not everyone；Everyone can’t
2【教材原句】 When reading articles related to science，we often come across difficult or unfamiliar words.(P43)
在閱讀有關(guān)科學(xué)的文章時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到難理解或不熟悉的單詞。
【句法分析】 句中的when reading是“連詞＋現(xiàn)在分詞”的形式，是狀語(yǔ)從句的省略形式，相當(dāng)于when we are reading。
歸納拓展
(1)當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句中含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，可以省略從句主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be，構(gòu)成“連詞＋名詞/形容詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/不定式”的省略結(jié)構(gòu)。連詞常有：when/while/once/as/as if/unless/until/even if/though等。
(2)當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是it，謂語(yǔ)中又含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略，構(gòu)成“連詞(if/unless/when/whenever)＋形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。
16．完成句子
(1)你在年輕時(shí)要努力工作，否則你會(huì)后悔。
Work hard ________(________ ________)________，or you’ll regret.
答案：when(you are)young
(2)他向四周看，好像在尋找什么東西。
He looked around ________ ________(________ ________)________ ________ ________ something.
答案：as if(he was)in search of
(3)除非這次事故得到適當(dāng)處理，否則將會(huì)造成很多的麻煩。
The accident will cause lots of trouble ________ ________ ________ properly.
答案：unless dealt with
(4)如果有必要你可以向老師求助。
________(________ ________)________，you can turn to your teacher for help.
答案：If(it is)necessary
作文指導(dǎo)
應(yīng)用文(例：書(shū)信類(lèi))
【體裁導(dǎo)航】
英文書(shū)信一般分為商業(yè)信函(Business Letters)和私人書(shū)信(Personal Letters)兩種，而高考書(shū)面表達(dá)一般都是要求寫(xiě)私人書(shū)信。英文書(shū)信格式與中文書(shū)信格式有許多不同，它包括五部分，即信頭、稱(chēng)呼、正文、結(jié)束語(yǔ)和簽名，具體如下：
1．信頭：寄信人的地址和寫(xiě)信日期，寫(xiě)在信的右上角。注意英語(yǔ)中地名的寫(xiě)法與中文不同，要從小到大；日期的寫(xiě)法也與中文不同，不是寫(xiě)在簽名之下，而是寫(xiě)在寄信人的地址之下。習(xí)慣上人們采用美式英語(yǔ)表達(dá)，即月、日、年，月、日與年之間用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，月份盡量不要縮寫(xiě)，如June 8,2007；而英式英語(yǔ)表達(dá)則為日、月、年，中間不用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)，如8 June 2007。
2．稱(chēng)呼：自成一行，頂格寫(xiě)。稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)常用：Dear Sir/Madam/Manager/Editor/friends/Bob，稱(chēng)呼之后一般用逗號(hào)。
3．正文：信件的主體部分即為信的正文。正文寫(xiě)在稱(chēng)呼的下一行，與Dear后第一個(gè)單詞對(duì)齊。正文通常包括三部分，即開(kāi)頭、目的和結(jié)尾。正文的開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)常用：Thank you for your last letter asking about...；I’m glad to...。正文的結(jié)尾語(yǔ)是正文的一部分，常常另起一行，常用的結(jié)尾有：I’m looking forward to your reply；Thanks and all the best；Best wishes；Wishing you a pleasant journey。
4．結(jié)束語(yǔ)：結(jié)束語(yǔ)與正文的結(jié)尾語(yǔ)不一樣，它要寫(xiě)在結(jié)尾語(yǔ)的下一行，位于書(shū)信的右下角，后面用逗號(hào)。常用的結(jié)束語(yǔ)有：Yours sincerely/faithfully/truly；Sincerely/Truly yours；Yours等。
5．簽名：簽名寫(xiě)在結(jié)束語(yǔ)的下一行，與結(jié)束語(yǔ)對(duì)齊，也就是簽上寫(xiě)信人的名字。
一封正規(guī)的私人書(shū)信格式如下：
Dear David，
I’ve learned it from the Internet that you want to make a Chinese friend so as to learn the Chinese language and culture.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I’m looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【寫(xiě)作示例】
假設(shè)你叫李平，你從報(bào)上得知某公司欲招聘一名英語(yǔ)翻譯，請(qǐng)你給該公司經(jīng)理寫(xiě)一封求職信，你的個(gè)人資料如下：
要求：1.根據(jù)上述要點(diǎn)，寫(xiě)一封求職信；
2．要點(diǎn)齊全，行文連貫；
3．詞數(shù)：150左右。
【寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)】
求職信屬于公務(wù)信函，格式和用詞比較正規(guī)。
信的內(nèi)容可分為三部分：一、 寫(xiě)信目的；二、自我介紹；三、要求與愿望。第一部分(第1段)為信的開(kāi)頭，直截了當(dāng)?shù)靥岢鱿胍獞?yīng)聘英語(yǔ)翻譯一職，并表示出誠(chéng)意。第二部分(第2段和第3段)為自我介紹，詳細(xì)說(shuō)明自己的基本狀況、學(xué)歷、工作經(jīng)歷、特長(zhǎng)、愛(ài)好等。
在行文、用詞上要表現(xiàn)出自信、懇切的態(tài)度，語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)明扼要，突出介紹自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，與眾不同的特長(zhǎng)或有利條件。還要緊扣用人單位的需求，巧用詞語(yǔ)，勇敢地說(shuō)服對(duì)方：此職位非你莫屬。第三部分(第4段和第5段)再次表明自己申請(qǐng)?jiān)摴ぷ鞯恼\(chéng)意，并可提出要求進(jìn)一步聯(lián)系的途徑，如留下電話(huà)號(hào)碼或聯(lián)系地址，還可以主動(dòng)提出接受面試或考核等。另外，信的結(jié)尾處應(yīng)表達(dá)一下希望盡快答復(fù)的心愿。
注意：此文用第一人稱(chēng)來(lái)寫(xiě)，主體時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
【金點(diǎn)模板】
Dear____________，
I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in________(報(bào)紙名稱(chēng))of________(廣告發(fā)布時(shí)間). /I am applying for the position of__________(想申請(qǐng)的職務(wù)) advertised in___________.
I majored in___________(專(zhuān)業(yè)). My training in________(接受過(guò)的培訓(xùn)) definitely meets your qualifications. My complete resume is attached.
I will graduate on____________(畢業(yè)時(shí)間)from___________(畢業(yè)院校).
In addition to the required courses of my major, I have__________(除專(zhuān)業(yè)外，選修的課程). I also have some experience in_______(曾有過(guò)的社會(huì)工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)). You will find me to be________(請(qǐng)對(duì)方對(duì)自己有信心).
May I have a personal interview at your convenience? I can be reached by telephone. / If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at_______(電話(huà)號(hào)碼)．
Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Ming
【范文點(diǎn)評(píng)】
Dear manager，
①I(mǎi) learned from the newspaper that your company wanted to hire an English translator.②I’m interested in this job very much because I have been dreaming of being a translator.
Now I’d like to introduce myself to you.My name is Li Ping.I’m a young man of 30, 180 cm tall and healthy.In my spare time I enjoy swimming, dancing and singing.
③After graduation from Beijing Normal University in 2000 as one of the most excellent students, I went to work as an English teacher in Nantong High School for three years.Since 2003, I’ve been working in Suzhou High School.
④During my teaching career, I have made a lot of friends in various fields and developed profound friendship with each other.I’m proficient in English and I’ve translated many Chinese books into English.⑤My spoken English is especially good and my foreign friends often praise me for my accent.
⑥I do hope that my qualifications and experiences meet your demands.If so, please write a letter to me or phone me.I live at No.1 Renmin Road, Suzhou City.My phone number is 05128765432.
⑦I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
Yours truly，
Li Ping
點(diǎn)評(píng)：
①I(mǎi) learned from the newspaper交代信息來(lái)源。
②dream of doing sth.用得恰到好處，表明求職的誠(chéng)意。
③該處as one of the most excellent students突出自己的優(yōu)勢(shì)；after引出時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，使句式更多樣化。
④介紹個(gè)人工作經(jīng)歷，并根據(jù)所申請(qǐng)工作的特點(diǎn)，突出自己善于交際的能力。
⑤通過(guò)適當(dāng)?shù)靥砑蛹?xì)節(jié)，說(shuō)明自己擅長(zhǎng)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)。
⑥用助動(dòng)詞do表強(qiáng)調(diào)，充分表現(xiàn)出想得到這份工作的急迫心情。
⑦以書(shū)信中的常用句式收尾，規(guī)范得體。
【類(lèi)題嘗試】
閱讀下面一則廣告，按要求完成寫(xiě)作任務(wù)。
假設(shè)你是李華，這則廣告引起了你的興趣，請(qǐng)用英文寫(xiě)一封自薦信。要點(diǎn)如下：
1．對(duì)夏令營(yíng)主題的理解；
2．根據(jù)招聘要求自我介紹；
3．參加夏令營(yíng)的目的。
注意：1.信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾已為你寫(xiě)好，不計(jì)入總詞數(shù)；
2．詞數(shù)100左右。
Dear Sir，
I’m Li Hua from Fujian.______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear Sir，
I’m Li Hua from Fujian. When I was reading the advertisement, the aim of this activity impressed me greatly.I think it instructive to learn to live together by living together. It is a good opportunity for the only child like me to learn to share and work together. Therefore I recommend myself to you without hesitation.
As a boy of 17, I am outgoing, good at English and have experience of working well with children aged from 7 to 12.I think it is a kind of winwin activity. For one thing, I can help take care of the children.For another thing, I can improve my English, make more friends, and enrich my life during the summer vacation.
I am looking forward to your early reply.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua