-ing 形式作狀語(yǔ),可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為、方式、伴隨狀況等.如:
Being a teacher , you should help your students in every way .(原因)
He died from a sudden traffic accident, leaving the experiment half-done (so that he left the experiment half-done).(結(jié)果)
Seeing my parents waving in the crowd , I went running to them.(時(shí)間;方式)
The students entered the classroom, following their English teacher .(伴隨)
Listening to English every day (If you listen to English every day), you’ll learn it well step by step.(條件)
學(xué)習(xí)ing形式作狀語(yǔ)的用法時(shí),需要注意以下四點(diǎn):
(一) 與過去分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別.一般來(lái)說,-ing形式表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動(dòng)、完成.試比較:
The enemy fled in a panic ,leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened , the enemy fled in a panic.
[分析]: 前一例中的-ing 形式短語(yǔ)在句子中作伴隨狀語(yǔ),它與其邏輯主語(yǔ)the enemy之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系;后一句中的過去分詞defeated 和frightened 表原因,它與其邏輯主語(yǔ)the enemy 之間為被動(dòng)關(guān)系.
(二) 關(guān)于邏輯主語(yǔ)的問題.-ing 形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),一般情況下，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與株主句的主語(yǔ)保持一致.如:
Comparing all the great people with each other , you’ll find that they have much in common.
Finding her car stolen , she hurried to a policeman for help .(上海 2001,28)
Having suffered from hear trouble for years , Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.(上海 2001春,38)
Having suffered such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001,35)
[分析]:前三例中, -ing 形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)均為主句的主語(yǔ).最后一例中,have suffered 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the river ,并不是主句的主語(yǔ)it .這種用法極為少見,有的語(yǔ)法家稱其為垂懸分詞,我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中不宜模仿.
(三) –ing 形式的否定式.其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:not + -ing 形式,無(wú)論在完成式還是被動(dòng)式里,not 必須置于 –ing 形式之前.如:
Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom .
(四) –ing 形式(短語(yǔ))的功能有時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)壯語(yǔ)從句.根據(jù)這個(gè)性質(zhì),我們?cè)谑褂?ing 形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),切記不要在前面或后面的句子前用連詞連接.如:
walking on the fallen leaves in autumn , so you’ll fell very comfortable .(X)
[分析]:如前所述,-ing 形式短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,所以后半句中的連詞so 的使用是錯(cuò)誤的,應(yīng)該去掉.原句應(yīng)改為:
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn , you’ll fell very comfortable.
鞏固性練習(xí):
請(qǐng)用括號(hào)里所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空:
1. (live) in a southern city of China ,I have never seen such a wonderful snow view.
2. (not grow) up yet , you’re not allowed to enter the bars.
3. (encourage) by the director , the actors performed wonderfully in the play .
4. (Know) all this , they made me pay for the damage .
5.The students are sitting in the reading-room , (read) all kinds of books .
key:
1. Living
2. Not having grown
3. Encouraged
4. knowing
5. reading
重慶 陳覺法
摘<<English weekly>>