Reference for Teaching
Ⅰ.異域風(fēng)情
Cars and the United States
Cars are an important part of life in the United States.Without a car most people feel that they are poor.And even if a person is poor,he doesn’t feel really poor when he has a car.
Henry Ford was the man who first started making cars in large numbers.He probably didn’t know how much the car was going to affect American culture.The car made the United States a nation on wheels.And it helped make the United States what it is today.
There are three main reasons that the car became so popular in the United States.First of all,the country is a huge one and Americans like to move around in it.The car provides the most comfortable and cheapest form of transportation.With a car people can go anyplace without spending a lot of money.
The second reason that cars are popular is the fact that the United States never really developed an efficient and inexpensive form of public transportation.Long-distance trains have never been as common in the United States as they are in other parts of the world.Nowadays there is a good system of air-service provided by planes.But it is too expensive to be used frequently.
The third reason is the most important one.The American spirit of independence is what really made cars popular.Americans don’t like to wait for a bus,or a train or even a plane.They don’t like to have to follow an exact schedule.A car gives them the freedom to schedule their own time.And this is the freedom that Americans want most to have.
The gas shortage has caused a big problem for Americans.But the answer will not be a bigger system of public transportation.The real solution will have to be a new kind of car,one that does not use so much gas.
Ⅱ.知識(shí)歸納
1.英文中表達(dá)“意愿和希望”情況歸納
在英語中，人們?cè)谌粘＝煌顒?dòng)時(shí)，都要表達(dá)意愿和希望，可用下列的常用結(jié)構(gòu)：
(1)I’m going to…（表示“我計(jì)劃、打算……”，事先有考慮）
Are you going to…？（詢問“你的打算是什么”）如：
I’m going to see a film.
我打算去看電影。
Are you going to leave for Beijing?
你打算動(dòng)身去北京嗎？
（2）I will…(我將要……)
What will you…？（表示“你的意愿是做什么”）如：
I will write a letter to a friend in Beijing.
我要給我北京的朋友寫封信。
What will you do at the weekend?
周末你要做什么？
（3）I intend/mean/plan to…(表示“我打算/計(jì)劃……”)
Do you intend/mean/plan to…？（詢問“你打算/想要……”）如：
I plan to travel in Europe this summer.
今年夏天我計(jì)劃到歐洲旅游。
I mean to wait for the next bus.
我打算等下一輛公共汽車。
Do you intend to take the driving license test this year?
你打算參加今年的駕駛執(zhí)照考試嗎？
Do you mean to put off the appointment?
你想要推遲這次約會(huì)嗎？
（4）I’d like to…/I feel like…/I’m ready to…(強(qiáng)調(diào)“我想要/樂意……”)如：
I’d like to stay at home doing my homework.
我想呆在家里做作業(yè)。
I feel like going out for a walk.
我想出去散散步。
I’m ready to visit my uncle.
我準(zhǔn)備去看望我叔叔。
（5）I want to…(表示意愿和欲望，語氣較強(qiáng)烈)
I hope to…(表示希望做某事，語氣較委婉)
I wish to…(表示不能達(dá)到的愿望，也指愿意做某事)
Do you hope to…?(詢問“你希望……”)
What do you wish to…?(詢問“你希望……”)如：
I want to go to college.
我想上大學(xué)。
I hope to be a teacher.
我希望當(dāng)一個(gè)教師。
I wish to see you.
我想見你。
Do you hope to stay and work in Shanghai after graduation?
你畢業(yè)后希望留在上海工作嗎？
What do you wish to do after you come back from Canada?
你從加拿大歸國(guó)后希望干點(diǎn)什么？
（6）I would rather not…（我寧愿不……）表示當(dāng)別人邀請(qǐng)你做某事而你又不太愿意時(shí)，語氣較委婉；I don’t feel like…(我不想……)表示當(dāng)別人邀請(qǐng)你做某事而你又不太愿意時(shí)，語氣較委婉。如：
I would rather not tell you.
我寧愿不告訴你。
I don’t feel like going swimming today.
我今天不想去游泳。
（7）I hope that…（表示希望實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性大）I wish that…(表示希望實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小)如：
I hope that you will visit China next year.
我希望你明年訪問中國(guó)。
I wish that I knew the latest news.
但愿我知道最新消息。
（8）類似的表示意愿和希望的常用句型還有
I’ve dreamed of…(我渴望……)
I’ve been looking forward to…(我一直盼望……)
I’m thinking of…(我正在考慮……)
I’ve decided to…(我已決定……)
I will be glad to…(我樂意……)
I’m considering…(我在考慮……)
Have you decided to…?(你已決定……？)
I would rather…(我寧愿……)
I think I will…(我想我會(huì)……)
I haven’t made up my mind whether to…(我還沒決定是否……)
2.電子郵件中的縮略語
(1)AFAIK as far as I know 據(jù)我所知
(2)ASAP as soon as possible 盡早地
(3)BTW by the way 順便問一下
(4)BRB be right back 馬上回來
(5)DIY do it yourself 自己動(dòng)手做
(6)DL download 下載
(7)FAQ frequently asked questions 常見問題
(8)FTF face to face 面對(duì)面
(9)IC I see 我明白
(10)ICQ I see you 網(wǎng)上尋呼機(jī)（我找你）
(11)L&R later 后來
(12)IOW in other words 換句話說
(13)MOF male or female 男士或女士
(14)OTOH on the other hand 另一方面
(15)POV point of view 觀點(diǎn)
(16)RUOK? Are you OK? 你好嗎？
(17)THX thanks 多謝
(18)TTBOMK to the best of my knowledge 據(jù)我所知
(19)TTUL talk to you later 回頭再談
(20)UL upload 上傳
3.動(dòng)詞“get+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”常見形式歸納
這種形式中，get已失去原有詞匯的意義，而接近于助動(dòng)詞be的功能。但同“be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”相比，它更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果，體現(xiàn)動(dòng)作性，含有被動(dòng)之意。常用的有：
get burnt 被燒/燙傷
get broken 破碎了
get hurt 受傷了
get lost 迷路
get damaged 遭到破壞
get paid 拿工資
get drunk 喝醉
get married 結(jié)婚
get killed 被殺死
get drowned 被淹死
get painted 油漆，粉刷
get caught in the rain 被雨淋濕
get caught on a nail 被釘子掛住
Ⅲ.詞語辨析
1.possible,probable,likely adj. 可能的
(1)possible強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上潛在的可能性，但也常常暗示“實(shí)際上希望很小”。
e.g.He is a possible choice.
他是一個(gè)可以考慮的人選。（根據(jù)客觀情況，而非說話者臆斷）
possible (反義詞 impossible)作表語時(shí)，前面通常不能用表示人的名詞或代詞作主語，常用句式為：
It is possible for sb. to do sth.
It is possible that-clause.
e.g.He is possible to finish the work.(×)
It is possible for him to finish the work.(√)
(2)probable主要用來指有根據(jù)、合情理、值得相信的事物，帶有“大概，很可能……”的意味，語氣較possible強(qiáng)。
e.g.It was probable that Tom told his father all about the matter.
湯姆可能把這事的全部經(jīng)過告訴了他父親。（有幾分根據(jù)的推測(cè)）
probable(反義詞improbable)作表語時(shí)，通常也不能用表示人的名詞或代詞作主語，常用句式為：
It is probable that-clause.
sth. be probable.
不能用It is probable for sb. to do sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)。
e.g.It is probable that the winner will get a prize.(√)
It is probable for the winner to get a prize.(×)
Colder weather is probable.
(3)likely表示有充分根據(jù)的推測(cè)，側(cè)重從表面看，某事很可能發(fā)生，與probable意思較近。有時(shí)兩者可以通用，含義區(qū)別不大。如：
It is likely/probable that we shall meet with some opposition.
我們多半會(huì)遇到一些阻力的。
但likely暗示從表面跡象判斷，某事可能發(fā)生或可能是真的，而probable則意味著經(jīng)過權(quán)衡正反兩方面的理由后，相信某事是真實(shí)的，或大概會(huì)發(fā)生。
e.g.This looks a likely field for mushrooms.
這里看起來適合長(zhǎng)蘑菇。
The probable winner is Tom,not Jack.
有希望取勝的是湯姆，而不是杰克。（意即一方實(shí)力顯然優(yōu)于另一方）
當(dāng)likely表示“有可能成功”的意思時(shí)，不能用probable代替。
e.g.What is the most likely time to find him at home?
什么時(shí)候最有可能在家找到他？
likely(反義詞為unlikely)前面可以用表示人的名詞或代詞作主語，也可以用表示物的名詞或代詞作主語。但非人稱代詞it作形式主語時(shí)，不能用于“it is likely for sb. to do sth.”句式，此時(shí)它與probable一樣，后面接that從句。
It be likely that-clause.
e.g.不能說It is likely for him to come.
應(yīng)說He is likely to come.
or:It is likely that he will come.
2.luggage,baggage
兩詞都可表示“行李”，都是不可數(shù)名詞。
luggage是英國(guó)英語，baggage是美國(guó)英語，表示隨身攜帶的各種行李的總稱。詢問有多少行李時(shí)用how much。
e.g.How much baggage/luggage do you have?
指多少件行李用a piece of 或an article of。
e.g.He had three pieces/articles of luggage(baggage).
他帶了三件行李。
3.catch,grasp,seize,snatch
（1）catch的普通用法有“設(shè)法抓住、捉住”的意思。
e.g.I caught him by the ear.
我揪住了他的耳朵。
The police caught the thief as he ran.
小偷逃跑時(shí)被警察抓住了。
(2)grasp表示“牢牢地抓住”。
e.g.Tom grasped his gun and rushed out.
湯姆抓起槍就沖了出去。
She grasped the rope tightly with her hands.
她雙手緊緊地抓住繩子。
(3)seize指“突然用力抓住使之不便逃脫”。
e.g.The policeman seized the thief by the sleeve.
警察抓住了小偷的袖子。
He seized the gun from the enemy soldier.
他從敵兵手中奪過了槍。
(4)snatch表示迅速的拉扯動(dòng)作，出其不意地“抓取”。
e.g.The thief snatched her handbag and ran off.
小偷搶走了她的小提包就跑了。
He snatched the letter from me.
他從我手中搶走了信。
Ⅳ.能力訓(xùn)練
1.單句改錯(cuò)
(1)He’s in the wool businesses.
答案：將businesses改為business。business表示“生意，商業(yè)，行業(yè)”等時(shí)，為不可數(shù)名詞。
(2)She’s treated now;she should be back to normal health in a few weeks.
答案：將treated改為cured。cure和treat都含“醫(yī)治”之意，但cure有“治療，痊愈”之意，側(cè)重于結(jié)果，而treat含“治療，處理”之意，側(cè)重于動(dòng)作。
(3)Their whole life was a constant battle for poverty.
答案：把for改為against。for后面所接賓語應(yīng)該是斗爭(zhēng)的目的，against后所接賓語應(yīng)該是斗爭(zhēng)的對(duì)象。
(4)Do you think that impossible for us to go there by water?
答案：把that改為it。代替不定式或從句在句中作形式賓語時(shí)，應(yīng)該用it而不能用that。
(5)Half us are on the night shift.
答案：在Half后加of。在人稱代詞前，要用half of這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.翻譯填空
(1)老師的言行對(duì)學(xué)生有很大的影響。
Teachers’ words and deeds ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ their students.
答案：have a great effect on
(2)我的朋友并不個(gè)個(gè)都吸煙。
______ ______ my friends smoke.
答案：Not all
(3)這個(gè)印刷錯(cuò)誤造成很大的混淆。
This misprint ______ ______ great confusion.
答案：let to
(4)很可能他會(huì)成功。
It ______ ______ ______ that he will succeed.
答案：is highly likely
(5)這有如夢(mèng)想變成了現(xiàn)實(shí)。
It’s like a dream ______ ______.
答案：come true
Ⅳ.高考真題
1.(2003全國(guó))Don’t be afraid of asking for help ______ it is needed.
A.unless
B.since
C.although
D.when
簡(jiǎn)析：選D。此處的具體語境是向?qū)Ψ教岢鲆螅笠痪鋺?yīng)該是表達(dá)出“凡是需要時(shí)”之意，故D項(xiàng)為最佳答案。
2.(2003上海)One of the consequences of our planet’s being warming up is a(n) ______ in the numbers of natural disasters.
A.result
B.account
C.reason
D.increase
簡(jiǎn)析：選D。result “結(jié)果”；account “理由”；reason “理由，原因”；increase “增長(zhǎng)”。根據(jù)句意可知，D項(xiàng)為最佳答案。
3.(2004全國(guó))Sarah,hurry up.I’m afraid you won’t have time to ______ before the party.
A.get changed
B.get change
C.get changing
D.get to change
簡(jiǎn)析：選A。get后接過去分詞表示狀態(tài)的改變。
4.(2004全國(guó))-The window is dirty.
-I know.It ______ for weeks.
A.hasn’t cleaned
B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleaned
D.hasn’t been cleaned
簡(jiǎn)析：選D。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語for weeks可確定用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示“已經(jīng)有好幾周沒擦窗戶了”。
5.(2004全國(guó))-What’s that terrible noise?
-The neighbors ______ for a party.
A.have prepared
B.are preparing
C.prepare
D.will prepare
簡(jiǎn)析：選B。用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示“正在準(zhǔn)備”，其他三項(xiàng)均不符合語境。