I．目的和要求

1. 學(xué)習(xí)和掌握以下單詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)

1) 單詞

coal; attend; issue; summarise; content; introduction; representative; killer; access; violence; premier; stress; equality; fairness; responsibility; willingness; harmony; suffering; unfair; wipe; worldwide; alternative; defend; incorrect; affect; advise

2) 習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)

take notes; the United Nations; the World Health Organization; take action; air conditioner; in harmony with; wipe out; advise sb (not) to do sth.

2. 功能意念項(xiàng)目

學(xué)會(huì)用英語(yǔ)談?wù)撟匀缓蜕鷳B(tài)環(huán)境。

3. 語(yǔ)法

1）復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)過的虛擬語(yǔ)氣；

2）倒裝。

4. 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用

運(yùn)用所學(xué)語(yǔ)言,圍繞自然和生態(tài)環(huán)境這一題材,完成教科書和練習(xí)冊(cè)中規(guī)定的聽、說、寫的任務(wù);閱讀課文 “Welcome to the Earth Summit”, 確切理解并完成有關(guān)課文內(nèi)容和練習(xí); 練習(xí)寫一篇明確闡述個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)和建議的評(píng)價(jià)性短文。

II．方法：

1. 單詞和習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)的用法

1）attend vt. 出席；上（大學(xué)等）； 照料

例： Only 12 people attended the meeting. 只有12個(gè)人參加了會(huì)議。

Please let us know if you are unable to attend. 如果你不能參加請(qǐng)告知我們。

I am the first child in my family to attend college. 我是家中第一個(gè)上大學(xué)的孩子。

On his deathbed the General was attended by several doctors. 將軍臨終前有幾個(gè)醫(yī)生在照顧。

2）summarize vt. & vi. 概括；總結(jié)

例： The authors summarize their views in the introduction. 作者們?cè)趯?dǎo)言中概括了他們的觀點(diǎn)。

Your final paragraph should summarize the main points of your essay. 你論文的最后一段應(yīng)該總結(jié)一下你的觀點(diǎn)。

summary n. 摘要；概要

3）content n. （書、報(bào)紙等的）內(nèi)容，目次，目錄;

例： "It is advisable to look at the contents page of a book, before buying it." 買書前最好是先看一看目錄。

含量;

the content of silver in a ton of ore 一噸礦砂中銀的含量

(pl) 內(nèi)容；所容之物;

The contents of the box fell onto the floor. 這個(gè)盒子里的東西掉到地上了。

adj. 滿足的；滿意的；甘愿的

She is content with very little. 她易于滿足。

（常與to連用）滿足于…的

The old couple seem content to sit in front of the television all night. 老夫婦倆似乎整夜坐在電視機(jī)前就心滿意足了。

vt. 使（人或自己）滿足；使?jié)M意；使安心

Nothing contents her, she is always complaining. 沒有什么能使她滿意，她總是抱怨。

We should never content ourselves with a little book knowledge only. 我們切不可滿足于僅僅有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)書本知識(shí)。

be content to do sth. 樂于做某事

be content with 沉迷［滿足］于

to one's heart's content 心滿意足， 盡情地

content oneself with 滿足于， 對(duì)...感到滿足

4）introduction n. 序言；介紹；引進(jìn)；采用

例：The introduction of new advanced techniques in the factory is under discussion today. 在工廠采用新的先進(jìn)技術(shù)的問題是今天的議題。

foreign words of recent introduction 新傳入的外國(guó)字

a letter of introduction 介紹信

Introduction to Radio 《無(wú)線電入門》

5）representative n. 代表；典型；議員

例：The representatives were all amazed by what had happened in the factory. 代表們聽了這個(gè)工廠里發(fā)生的事都感到驚愕。

adj. 有代表性的；典型的

a representative collection of ancient Greek art 古希臘藝術(shù)代表作品集

6）access n. 接近；進(jìn)入；接近的方法；到達(dá)的權(quán)利

例：There is no access to the street through that door. 穿過那個(gè)門沒有通向大街的路。

The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track. 到那座古老城堡去的唯一通道是一條泥濘小路。

Students need access to books. 學(xué)生需要使用書本。

Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. 文件的使用權(quán)只限于高級(jí)管理者。

a man of easy access 易于接近的人, 平易近人的人

The only access to the town is across the bridge. 到鎮(zhèn)上唯一的通路是經(jīng)過一座橋。

Citizens may have free access to the library. 市民可以自由使用圖書館。

7）stress vt. 著重；強(qiáng)調(diào)

例：The report stressed that student math skills need to improve. 報(bào)告強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的數(shù)學(xué)技能需要提高。

Crawford stressed the need for more housing downtown. 科勞福德著重指出了城區(qū)住房的更大需求。

She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她強(qiáng)調(diào)了平衡飲食的重要性。

n. 壓力, 緊迫, 困難; 【語(yǔ)】重音, 重讀;

under the stress of poverty 在貧困的壓力下

time of stress 危難之際, 非常時(shí)期

Stress and rhythm are important in speaking English. 講英語(yǔ)時(shí)重音及節(jié)奏都很重要。

We must lay stress on self reliance. 我們必須強(qiáng)調(diào)自力更生。

Give stress to the 2nd syllable. 重讀第二音節(jié)。

Worry over his job and his wife's health put him under a great stress. 憂慮自己的工作及妻子的健康問題使他陷于過分的緊張中。

8）take action 采取行動(dòng)；take notes 記筆記；take effect見效, 生效；開始發(fā)生作用；

take exercise做體操, 做健身活動(dòng)；take farewell 告別, 辭行；take ground占領(lǐng)陣地

(飛機(jī))著陸；take notice 注意；take office 就職；take steps 采取措施

9）put an end to 結(jié)束； put an end to 結(jié)束；bring sth. to an end 結(jié)束；

come to an end 結(jié)束；make (both) ends meet收支相抵；

10）affect vt. 影響；感動(dòng)；（疾病）侵襲

例：Smoking affects health. 吸煙影響健康。

He was deeply affected by my words. 他聽了我的話很受感動(dòng)。

be affected by heat [cold] 中暑[著涼]

詞義辨析：affect effect influence

作為動(dòng)詞, 都含“影響”的意思。

affect 指“產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng)”,著重“影響”的動(dòng)作, 有時(shí)含有“對(duì)...產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思, 如:

This article will affect my thinking. 這篇文章將會(huì)影響我的思想。

effect 指“實(shí)現(xiàn)”、“達(dá)成”,著重“造成”一種特殊的效果, 如:

This book effected a change in my opinion. 這本書使我的看法起了變化。

influence 指“通過說服、舉例等對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺察到的,潛移默化的影響”, 如:

Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine. 在一位中學(xué)生物教師的影響下, 他從事醫(yī)學(xué)研究。

2. 語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)

1）According to the World Health Organization, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. 據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織統(tǒng)計(jì)，三大殺手每年致死七百萬(wàn)人。

death: [countable] a particular case when someone dies 死亡人數(shù)；死亡案例

We should take action to reduce the number of traffic deaths. 我們應(yīng)該采取措施減少交通事故死亡人數(shù)。

2）Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. 只是空氣污染就導(dǎo)致近三百萬(wàn)人死亡。

此句相當(dāng)于 Only air pollution causes almost three million deaths. alone相當(dāng)于only, 但alone置于被修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。再如：

Julie alone knew the truth. 只有朱莉知道真相。

3）If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. 如果我們打算成功地發(fā)展世界，我們必須確保每一個(gè)人都能夠加入到我們建設(shè)的這個(gè)新世界中來(lái)。

（1）be ＋不定式：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示計(jì)劃，安排或用來(lái)征求意見。

The highway is to be opened in May.

Am I to take over his work？

（2）be going to ＋動(dòng)詞原形：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“決定，打算要做什么事，或有跡象表明即將發(fā)生，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情況”。

I am going to buy a new coat this winter.

There is going to be a storm.

（3）be about ＋不定式：這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，句中不可以用表示未來(lái)時(shí)間

的狀語(yǔ)。

The talk is about to begin.(正)

The talk is about to begin soon.(誤)

4）Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. 在會(huì)上發(fā)言的人中就有強(qiáng)調(diào)世界上需要平等和公正的中國(guó)當(dāng)時(shí)的總理朱鎔基。

then adj. being so at that time, 當(dāng)時(shí)的

又如：the then chairman of the board. 當(dāng)時(shí)的委員會(huì)主席

5）Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others. 相對(duì)富裕的國(guó)家有盡力幫助貧窮國(guó)家的責(zé)任。

這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)省略句，即：Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can do to help others. 動(dòng)詞不定式 to help others 是目的狀語(yǔ)。

6）Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. 如果知道空調(diào)能造成這么大的污染，我怎么也不會(huì)買的。

這是一個(gè)含有虛擬語(yǔ)氣的句子。虛擬條件句中省略了If, 構(gòu)成了倒裝句。

7）Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. 直到我們了解了更多，我們才能夠改善這種狀況。

這是一個(gè)倒裝句，因?yàn)榉穸ㄔ~not 位于句首。其正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是：We will not be able to improve the situation until we know more.

8）A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. 對(duì)環(huán)境的更好更深入的理解是必要的，是我們行動(dòng)的內(nèi)驅(qū)力。

這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)由as 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。

3. 語(yǔ)法說明：

1）虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Subjunctive Mood)

概念：虛擬語(yǔ)氣用來(lái)表示說話人的主觀意愿或假想，所說的是一個(gè)條件，不一定是事實(shí)，或與事實(shí)相反。

在條件句中的應(yīng)用：

條件句可分為兩類，一類為真實(shí)條件句，一類為非真實(shí)條件句。非真實(shí)條件句表示的是假設(shè)的或?qū)嶋H可能性不大的情況，故采用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。

（一）真實(shí)條件句

真實(shí)條件句用于陳述語(yǔ)氣，假設(shè)的情況可能發(fā)生。

時(shí)態(tài)關(guān)系

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) shall/will+動(dòng)詞原形

If he comes, he will bring his violin.

典型例題

The volleyball match will be put off if it_______.

A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained

答案B。真實(shí)條件句主句為將來(lái)時(shí)，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

注意：

（1）在真實(shí)條件句中，主句不能用be going to表示將來(lái)，該用shall, will.

(錯(cuò)) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.

(對(duì))If you leave now, you will never regret it.

（2）表示真理時(shí)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不用shall(will)+動(dòng)詞原形，而直接用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式。

（二）非真實(shí)條件句

（1）時(shí)態(tài)：可表示過去、現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況。其基本特點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)退后。

a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般過去時(shí) should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形

If they were here, they would help you.

b. 表示與過去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。

句型： 條件從句 主句

過去完成式 should(would)have+過去分詞

If he had come yesterday, I should have told him about it.

含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.

c. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的假想

句型： 條件從句 主句

一般過去時(shí)

were+不定式 should(would)+動(dòng)詞原形

should+動(dòng)詞原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.

If you were to succeed, everything would be all right

（2）混合條件句

主句與從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在不同的時(shí)間，這時(shí)主、從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式因時(shí)間不同而不同，這叫做混合條件句。

If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now.

(從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。)

If it had rained last night(過去)，it would be very cold today(現(xiàn)在).

（3）虛擬條件句的倒裝

虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should 或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。

Were they here now, they could help us.

=If they were here now, they could help us.

Had you come earlier, you would have met him.

=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.

Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

注意：

在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞 ‘be’的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用 “were”。

If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.

典型例題

_______ to do the work, I should do it some other day.

A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I

答案C. 在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)中如果有were, should, had這三個(gè)詞，通常將if省略，主語(yǔ)提前，變成were, should, had+主語(yǔ)的形式。但要注意，在虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，省略連詞的倒裝形式的句首不能用動(dòng)詞的縮略形式。如我們可說Were I not to do. ,而不能Weren’t I to go.

（4）特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞：should

① suggest/order/command/propose/demand/insist/require/ request… + that … (should) do

② the suggestion that … (should) do

③ This suggestion is that …(should) do

④ It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required/insisted … + that … (should) do

⑤ It is necessary/important/natural/strange… + that … (should) do

⑥ It is a pity/ a shame, no wonder… + that … (should) do

在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用

在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。

order, suggest, insist … + (should) do

---I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.

---He insisted that he(should)be sent there.

注意：如suggest, insist不表示“建議”或“堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)”，即它們用作 “暗示、表明”、“堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為”時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句用陳述語(yǔ)氣。

---The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

---Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

---I insisted that you were wrong.

在表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。

My idea is that we (should)get more people to attend the conference.

I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

（5）wish的用法

用于wish 后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：

wish + (that) … did/were …(現(xiàn)在時(shí)：從句與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生)

wish + (that) … had done …(過去時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)作)

wish + (that) … would/could do (將來(lái)時(shí)：從句動(dòng)作于主句動(dòng)作之后)

I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。

He wished he hadn’t said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

（6）if only

if only 表示“如果就好了”。

If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。

if only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。

If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)了。

only if 表示“只有”:

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。

（7）It is (high) time that …

It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

（8）虛擬語(yǔ)氣在其他狀語(yǔ)從句中的用法

在as if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)不符，用過去完成式表示與過去事實(shí)不符；在so that，in order that引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中，常用should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

They talked as if they had been friends for years．

She stayed at home for a few days so that she could take care of her mother．

（9）would rather sb did/had done …

(would rather do)

---I’d rather stay at home than go out.

---He’d rather you came on Friday.

2）倒裝

在英語(yǔ)中最基本的語(yǔ)序是“主語(yǔ) + 謂語(yǔ) + 其他”，即：Who + do + what + how + where + when， 而且這個(gè)語(yǔ)序還十分固定。如果把主語(yǔ)后面的某一部分提到它前面，就是倒裝（Inversion）。沒有按照正常順序排列句子成分，叫廣義倒裝。如果把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部或部分放在主語(yǔ)的前面，叫狹義倒裝。我們這里討論的就是后者。如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部放到主語(yǔ)前面（主要適用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)，其他時(shí)態(tài)不能使用）叫完全倒裝。如果助動(dòng)詞或是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)前面，行為動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)后面，叫部分倒裝。

e.g. In came the headmaster, followed by a group of teachers. (完全倒裝)

校長(zhǎng)走了進(jìn)來(lái)，后面跟著一群老師。

There goes the bell. (完全倒裝)

Never shall I do that again. (部分倒裝)

注：副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)和直接引語(yǔ)在句首使用全部倒裝。

（一）倒裝的意義

1. 適應(yīng)一定語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，主要是指表達(dá)疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)的需要。

e.g. How can I get to the railway station?

2. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一部分，而把這部分放在了句首，引起倒裝。

e.g. Only in this way can we learn English well.

So early did he come to school that no other children came.

3. 為了保持句子平衡。

e.g. Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.

“ Me, too,” said the boy anxiously.

（二）英語(yǔ)倒裝的幾種情況

（1）在疑問句中

e.g. How are you getting along with your work?

Is this report written in detail?

注：如疑問句作主語(yǔ)或者作定語(yǔ)修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不發(fā)生倒裝。

（2）在There be 及其類似結(jié)構(gòu)中。There be +主語(yǔ)+地點(diǎn)。其中動(dòng)詞be也可以是其他詞，如lie, stand等。

e.g. There are many different kinds of mooncakes on the table.

There in Greece lived a famous thinker, named Aristotle.

There seems to be still some elements undiscovered yet.

There stands a bridge across the river.

（3）在表示祝愿的句子中

e.g. Long live the People’s Republic of China!

May you succeed!

（4）在省略if的虛擬語(yǔ)氣條件狀語(yǔ)從句中

這類句子中有were, had, should 等詞時(shí)，把were, had 或should置于句首。

e.g. Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world.

Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided.

Should he be here next week, he would help us with the problem.

（5）在so, nor, neither 或no more 開頭句子中

① 用于so 開頭的句子，表示重復(fù)前面相同內(nèi)容，意為“也怎么樣”。另外，在結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句句型so…that…中，如果so… 放在句首，主句需要部分倒裝。

e.g. I often go out for a walk after supper. So does she.

So excited was she at the news that she couldn’t say a word.

So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.

So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus.

So mush does he worry about his financial position that he can’t sleep at night

注：在該結(jié)構(gòu)中，“so + 形容詞”是表語(yǔ)前置；“so + 副詞”是狀語(yǔ)前置。.

② 用于nor, neither開頭的句子，表示重復(fù)前面內(nèi)容，“也不…”。

e.g. Li Lei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.

If you don’t wait for him, nor shall I.

（6）帶有否定意義的詞放在句首，語(yǔ)序需要部分倒裝。常見的詞語(yǔ)有：not, never, seldom, scarcely, rarely, barely, little, few, hardly, nowhere, nobody, in on way , on no account, at no time, not only…but also…, not once, under no condition, hardly…when, no sooner…than…等

e.g. Little did I think he is a spy.

Hardly had I reached home when it began to rain.

No sooner had I entered the room than the phone rang.

Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it .

Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains.

（7）當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)方位的介詞詞組時(shí)，句子倒裝。

e.g. Round the corner walked a large policeman.

Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man.

West of the lake lies the famous city.

（8）“某些副詞+不及物動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)” 的句式，或當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為方位詞或擬聲詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為go, come 等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)需要全部倒裝。常用的副詞主要有：here, there, now, then, out, in, down, up, away等，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，不必倒裝。

e.g. Up went the plane.

In came the chairman and the meeting began.

Out rushed the boy.

Down came the brown wave.

Here is a ticket for you .

Now comes your turn.

注：如果主語(yǔ)是代詞則不發(fā)生倒裝。

e.g. Out they rushed!

Lower and lower he bent.

（9）only 放在句首，強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ)（副詞，介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句等），語(yǔ)序要部分倒裝。

e.g. Only in this way can we get in touch with them.

Only because he was ill was he absent from school.

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing

(10) 在as though 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，一般將形容詞，副詞或名詞等置于句首。

e.g. Small as the atom is, we can smash it.

Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on.

(11) 如果直接引語(yǔ)后注明是什么人說的，而且主語(yǔ)是名詞時(shí)，需要完全倒裝；主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)，一般不用倒裝。

e.g. “Let’s go!” said the captain.

“Take off your boots!” ordered the guard.

“What do you mean?” he asked.

(12) 在強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)時(shí)

e.g. Worst of all were the humiliations.

Such is the case.

(13) 在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)

e.g. Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction.

Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid.

注：當(dāng)前置賓語(yǔ)由“not a +名詞”或者“not a single +名詞”構(gòu)成時(shí)，也會(huì)引起倒裝。

e.g. Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel.