Words and expressions
1. perseverance n. steady persistence in adhering to a course of action, a belief, or a purpose; steadfastness 毅力；堅(jiān)持
Great works are performed, not by strength, but perseverance.
偉大的作品不是靠力量而是靠毅力來(lái)完成的。
2. quit
vt. to give up; abandon 放棄；to depart from; leave 離開(kāi)；to cease or discontinue 停止；中斷
He has not quit smoking, but is holding down to three cigarettes a day.
他并沒(méi)有戒煙,但是已減到每天只抽三支煙了。
You and I are on the point of quitting the theater of our exploits.
你我正在離開(kāi)我們輝煌業(yè)績(jī)的舞臺(tái)。
The teacher asked them to quit talking. 老師要求他們不要說(shuō)話。
vi. to leave, to move, to stop
Time to quit. 該收手了。/該下班了。
3. apply (…) to … use; put into practice 應(yīng)用；運(yùn)用 n. application
We should apply theory to practice. 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)把理論運(yùn)用到實(shí)踐中去。
apply to 適用
What you have said doesn’t apply to this case.
apply for 申請(qǐng)
apply for a position/a patent
4. add up find the total of 總計(jì)；加起來(lái)
Add up 6,7 and 8 and you'll get 21. 把六、七、八相加，總數(shù)是二十一。
add up to 合計(jì)達(dá)
add to 增加
add … to 把…加到… add fuel to the fire 火上加油 add color to 增色
Add up all the numbers.
The cost of the party added up to 2,000 yuan.
The sudden rain added to our trouble.
Add some salt to the soup.
5. circumstance n. a condition or fact attending an event and having some bearing on it 環(huán)境；情況(常用復(fù)數(shù)形式)
Force of circumstances led us to give up our project. 環(huán)境的力量使得我們放棄了我們的方案。
It depends on [upon] circumstances. 這要視情況而定。
under/in no circumstances 決不，無(wú)論如何都不
under/in the circumstances 在這種情況下，既然這樣
Under no circumstances should you step out of the house.
6. lose heart become discouraged 沮喪；灰心
Don't lose heart at any failure, but try again. 失敗時(shí)不要灰心，要再接再厲。
lose one’s heart (to) sb. = fall in love with sb.
7. assessment n. the act of assessing; appraisal 評(píng)估；估價(jià)
environmental assessment 環(huán)境影響評(píng)估
vt. assess
1.) (為征稅)估定(財(cái)產(chǎn))的價(jià)值[(+at)]
The value of this property was assessed at one million dollars. 這財(cái)產(chǎn)的價(jià)值估定為一百萬(wàn)元。
2.) 確定(稅、罰款、賠償金等)的金額
assess damage after an accident 事故后確定損害賠償金額
3.) 對(duì)...進(jìn)行估價(jià),評(píng)價(jià)
It is too early to assess the effects of the new legislation. 現(xiàn)在來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)新法規(guī)的效果為時(shí)尚早。
8. take it easy 放松些；別緊張
When the teacher found some of his students get nervous at the examination, he told them to take it easy. 老師發(fā)現(xiàn)一些學(xué)生考慮時(shí)焦急不安，就叫他們不要緊張。
歸納：take it 猜想, 以為；斷定 take it for granted 視為當(dāng)然
take it ill 見(jiàn)怪, 介意某事 take it or leave it 要么接受要么放棄
take it out on sb. 向某人出氣 take it seriously 認(rèn)真對(duì)待
9. keep up retain(one's spirits, strength, etc); (one's spirits, strength, etc.)not decline 維持；保持
The mountaineers' spirits kept up against heavy odds.
在非常不利的條件下，登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員們?nèi)匀磺榫w高漲。
歸納：keep up appearances 裝門(mén)面 keep up one's spirits 振作精神
keep up to date 使記到最近時(shí)期；使跟上時(shí)代 keep up with 跟上
10. survival n. the act of surviving; continuance of life 幸存；存活
He stayed eight days in an open boat with no food, and he was still alive; his survival was a miracle. 他在無(wú)遮檔的小船上呆了八天，又無(wú)食物，還活下來(lái)了，這真是個(gè)奇跡。
survive ①vi. 幸存，活下來(lái) His parents died in the accident, but he survived.
②vt. 比…或活得長(zhǎng)；經(jīng)歷…之后還存在 survive sb. / survive the fire
survivor n. 生還者, 殘存物
11. beyond
prep. ①on the further or other side of 在較遠(yuǎn)的一邊；在另一邊 ②(of time)later than; more advanced than（時(shí)間）晚于；超過(guò) ③out of the reach of; outside one\'s understanding 為…不能及；超出…理解力之外 ④(negative and interrogative) except 除…之外
The post office is beyond the bridge. 郵局在橋的那一頭。
Some shops keep open beyond midnight. 有些商店?duì)I業(yè)到半夜以后。
He was beyond the help of the teacher. 他使老師束手無(wú)策。
I know nothing beyond this. 除這之外，我什么也不知道。
adv. farther away 在遠(yuǎn)處 look beyond 向遠(yuǎn)處看
12. lose one’s way become lost 迷路；迷失
Lily lost her way in the woods. 莉莉在森林里迷了路。
feel one’s way fight one’s way make one’s way push one’s way wind one’s way
13. burden n. something that you carry; a heavy load 負(fù)擔(dān)；包袱/a duty which is hard to do well 責(zé)任
It is a burden to the people. 這對(duì)人民是一種負(fù)擔(dān)。
The burden fell on me. 責(zé)任落在我身上。
vt.
1.) 加重壓于，加負(fù)擔(dān)于，煩擾[(+with)]
The government burdened the nation with heavy taxes. 政府使國(guó)民負(fù)擔(dān)重稅。
2.) 加負(fù)荷于，使載重[(+with)]
He was burdened with a large bundle of magazines. 他吃力地捧著一大捆雜志。
14. desperate adj. having no hope and ready to do any wild or dangerous thing 絕望的；不顧一切的/ very serious 極嚴(yán)重的；危急的
The prisoners became desperate in their attempts to escape. 那些囚犯拼命企圖逃亡。
The country is in a desperate state and we must work hard.
國(guó)家處于危急關(guān)頭，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)努力工作。
15. accustomed adj. being in the habit of 習(xí)慣[于…]的 [to doing]
I am not accustomed to walking long distances. 我不習(xí)慣于長(zhǎng)距離的步行。
be accustomed to working/to work hard 習(xí)慣于苦干
16. thirst n. [U] wanting to drink something; a strong desire 渴；渴望
I drank a cup of tea to relieve my thirst. 我喝了一杯茶止渴。
The artist thirsted for fame. 藝術(shù)家想出名。
17. starvation n. suffering or death caused by extreme hunger 挨餓；餓死
The cat died of starvation. 那只貓餓死了。
starve v. (cause to) suffer or die from great hunger 使挨餓，餓死/ (cause to) suffer from not having sth. 使得不到某物而痛苦
They lost in the desert and starved to death. 他們?cè)谏衬月范I死了。
The school is starved of resources. 學(xué)校缺乏財(cái)源。
18. anxiety n. [U] worry and fear 憂慮；擔(dān)心；焦急 [C] something that makes you worried and afraid 擔(dān)心的事；焦慮
We waited with anxiety for our examination results. 我們焦急地等待考試結(jié)果。
He has been relieved of his anxieties. 他已消除了憂慮（事）。
19. came to an end stop 結(jié)束；終止
All good things must come to an end. 一切好事遲早都會(huì)結(jié)束。（天下沒(méi)有不散的宴席。）
at the end of 在...結(jié)尾,在....末端 in the end 最后，終于
bring to an end 使…結(jié)束 on end on end 豎著, 連續(xù)地
make an end of 終止，除掉 end (up) with 以――告終
put an end to 結(jié)束，終止 make ends meet 收支相抵
20. tax n. money that the government takes from your pay or from the sale of some goods 稅
There is a large tax on cigarettes. 香煙的稅很重。
pay taxes on sth. (taxpayers) 納稅 charge/impose/levy taxes on sth. 征稅
v. 對(duì)…征稅，向…課稅 Imported wines are heavily imported in China.
21. anniversary n. the annually recurring date of a past event, especially one of historical, national, or personal importance 周年紀(jì)念；周年紀(jì)念日
a wedding anniversary the 20th anniversary of our country’s independence
22. relief n. ①the removal or ease of worry, pain ,etc. 解除；減輕
The medicine brought me relief. 這藥減輕了我的痛苦。
Hearing the news, he breathed a sigh of relief. 一聽(tīng)到消息,他如釋重負(fù)地松了口氣。
②help given to people in poverty of trouble 救濟(jì)
They are in need of relief. 他們需要救濟(jì)。
Relief was flown to the flood-hit areas. 救濟(jì)物品被空運(yùn)到洪水泛濫區(qū)。
23. deliver vt. (delivery n.)
①take something to the place where it must go 投遞；送交
Every day the milkman delivers milk to our house. 每天送牛奶的人都把牛奶送到我家。
②give forth in words 發(fā)言
He delivered a speech at the meeting. 他在會(huì)上講了話。
③help in the birth of 接生
she delivered the child. 她接生了這孩子。
④save, set free, release 解救;解脫;釋放[(+from)]
Education delivered him from ignorance. 教育把他從無(wú)知中解救出來(lái)。
24. Arctic adj. of the north polar regions 北極的
n. the regions round the north pole 北極；北極圈；北極地方
the Arctic Ocean 北冰洋 the Arctic Regions 北極地區(qū)
25. tough adj. able to withstand great strain without tearing or breaking; strong and resilient 堅(jiān)韌的 demanding or troubling; difficult 困難的 physically hardy; rugged 強(qiáng)壯的 showing strong determination 強(qiáng)硬的，不妥協(xié)的
a tough guy 硬漢 tough meat 老肉 tough attitude 強(qiáng)硬的態(tài)度 a tough task 棘手的任務(wù) a tough customer 難纏的顧客 a tough neighborhood 治安很差的住宅區(qū)
26. wrap vt. to cover completely with 包裹；纏繞
I wrapped the present in red paper. 我把禮物用紅紙包了起來(lái)。
n. [C] an article of dress to be folded round a person 披在身上的衣物
Don't forget your wraps, when you travel in winter. 冬天旅游時(shí)，不要忘帶外套、圍巾等。
27. tie up put a piece of string, rope, etc. round something to hold it firm 捆；拴；系
I tied up the parcel. 我捆好包裹。
28. stake n. [C] strong post of wood or metal that stands in the ground 樁；柱樁
The farmer tied the bull to a stake in the field. 農(nóng)民把公牛拴在田里的樁子上。
at stake: at risk; in question 在危急之中
29. ray n. line or beam of light, heat, etc. 光線；輻射線 v. 放射，射出光線
A ray of sunlight fell on the sleeping boy. 陽(yáng)光照射著睡著的男孩。
This afternoon I will have my son x-rayed. 今天下午我?guī)鹤尤光透視。
30. bark n. the short, sharp sound a dog makes; a sound like this, esp. a cough 吠聲；似犬吠的聲音 v. 吠, 咆哮, 剝樹(shù)皮
The bark of a dog sounded in the night. 在夜間聽(tīng)到狗叫聲。
Barking dogs seldom bark.
31. memorial n. [C] building or statue to remind people of someone or something 紀(jì)念館；紀(jì)念碑（物） a memorial to people’s heroes
32. retell vt. tell again; repeat 重述；復(fù)述
retell what happened on the island one early morning in autumn.
復(fù)述一個(gè)秋天的清晨在那個(gè)島上發(fā)生了什么。
33. go for to put a lot of effort into sth, so that you get or achieve sth. 為……去；努力獲取
It sounds a great idea. Go for it. 這聽(tīng)起來(lái)是個(gè)極好的主意。努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)吧！
Reading
Step 1 Lead in
1. Talk about legendary journeys in China.
Journey to the West: The story is known in China. The hero Monk Tang in the story went through 81 difficulties. Finally he got the Buddhist Scripture.
The Long March: If there had not been the long march, we could not have lived the happy life. They went through starvation, coldness and so on.
Climbing Mount Qomolangma: They have to face difficulties like coldness, avalanche and snowstorm. It’s not only a personal achievement but also a pride for the whole nation.
2. China’s “Go West” policy.
3. The process of developing the west in America:
1748年 弗吉尼亞的俄亥俄州土地公司的組建（開(kāi)始）。
1784，1785，1787 年制定三個(gè)土地法開(kāi)發(fā)西部的綱領(lǐng)。
1895年 工業(yè)總產(chǎn)值躍居世界第一位
西部開(kāi)發(fā)的三個(gè)階段：
農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)階段（1750－1850） 工業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)階段（1850－1950） 科技開(kāi)發(fā)階段 （1950－至今）
Step 2 Reading
1. Skimming
The main idea of the text:
The text related a story that the hero’s family and many other families moved to the West. They ran into many difficulties on the way to the West. Faced with the difficulties, they didn’t give up. Finally they got to the West and started a new life.
Part 1 (1) The cause and the beginning of the journey
Part 2 (2) The first destination of the journey
Part 3 (3-5) The most trying part of the journey
Part 4 (6) Reaching the promised land (The end of the journey)
2. Scanning
①When did we decide to move to another place? 1845,10
②How long did the journey last? About a year
③What is our first destination? India Greek in Kansas
④Is the journey hard? Can you make some examples about it?
Yes, it is hard. You can make many examples.
3. Detailed reading
Fill in the chart:
Time Events
October, 1845 set off for the journey
April ,1846 continued the journey westward
November, 1846 entered the desert and lost the way
For many weeks travel in the Death Valley
Christmas Day reached the promised land
Choose the best answers:
1. The reason why my father wanted to go to California is that . 答案：C
A. California was in desert B. California was far away
C. California was a wonderful land described in a book
D. California was the largest state in the USA
2. People moving to the west would meet in . 答案：A
A. Kansas B. California C. Salt Lake Valley D. Salt Lake Desert
3. On which day did the author enter the Salt Lake Desert? 答案：B
A. April 12. B. November 4. C. October 15. D. December 25.
4. Why did the travelers call their ninety-mile drive through the Salt Lake Desert the “Long Drive”? 答案：D
A. Because the landscape was dry and barren. B. Because water was salty and not drinkable.
C. Because their water supply was so low. D. All of the above.
5. After the travelers burnt their wagons, they had to go on their feet with another miles to go. 答案：B
A. 2 500 B.500 C.90 D.45
6. Why didn’t the author stay behind with the children and wait for help? 答案：A
A. Because that meant he/she would die.
B. Because he/she knew that children were tiresome.
C. Because he/she knew that there was a wagon waiting for him/her.
D. Because he/she felt he/she could get a prize by his/her father.
7. The animals almost ran when the travelers reached the edge of the desert, why? 答案：C
A. Because they were tired and weak. B. Because they had no burden.
C. Because they must have smelt the water. D. Because they went back to their home.
8. How long did the author spend finishing the journey? 答案：A
A. More than 40 months. B. About 2 months.
C. About a year. D. About a year and a month.
9. From the text, we can infer . 答案：D
A. the author and the travelers had to go all day and all night long
B. there was no oxen left when the travelers reached California
C. many travelers died when their days of hardship came to an end
D .it’s a long way to travel from the author’s hometown to California
10. The best title of the text is . 答案：B
A.A Journey to California B. Long Drive
C. The Salt Lake Desert D. Enjoy Your Life
3. Post-reading
1. What the writing techniques of this text are?
A. Use of the chronological order to narrate the story.
B. Use many participles to make the text readable and concise.
C. The landscape of the Salt Lake Valley sharply contrasts with that of the Salt Lake Desert. The scenery of the Salt Lake Valley is very beautiful, however, that of the Salt Lake Desert is dry and barren. Use the sharp contrastive scenery, expressing the hero’s optimism about the life he dreamed of in the West and coming across the difficulties on the way to the West.
2. What can we learn from this text?
When we come across problems, we shouldn’t try to escape. Instead , we should learn to face reality and solve the problems. As long as we overcome the difficulties and never give up, we will achieve our goals and succeed. More over, we all have dreams in our heart. As long as we insist and keep making great efforts, I believe we will make our dreams come true one day.
4. Consolidation
In the ______ of 1845, after his father read a book about _________, he decided to _____ there. His family and many other families ________ for their journey by the middle of October. After traveling through _________, they had to spend __________ in Kansas. Until ____________ , they wouldn’t leave. They traveled by day. On November4, 1846, they entered __________ and soon lost their way. Due to lack of ______________, the oxen had no strength to pull the wagons and were burnt. People had no choice but to cover another 500 miles ________. At last, they _________ all the difficulties and got to the west on the morning of _____________. They started their new life there.
Keys: spring, California, move, 4 states, the winter, April 12, 1846, the desert, water and grass, on foot, overcame, Christmas Day
Language points
1. believe in 信仰
2. stand for 代表，代替
3. adapt to 調(diào)節(jié)，適合
4. lose heart 灰心，泄氣
5. be cast away (被)拋棄
6. give up 放棄 give in 投降，屈服，讓步，交上
7. less than 少于;不足
more than 看似簡(jiǎn)單，含義豐富，主要用于以下情況：
（1）比…更（多、大等），用于比較結(jié)構(gòu)。
He always asks more than he gives. 他總是索取多于給予。
（2）超過(guò)，多于，相當(dāng)于over。
I have known David for more than 20 years. 我認(rèn)識(shí)大衛(wèi)20多年了。
（3）豈止是，不僅是； 非常， 十分
Can’t you sense the hidden meaning? It’s more than a joke.
難道你沒(méi)聽(tīng)出言外之意嗎？這不只是一個(gè)笑話。
more than happy/sorry 特高興 / 特難過(guò)
（4）是…不能，非…能力所及，其后跟從句，從句中用can或could。
This is more than I can understand. 這是我所不能理解的。
歸納：more …than… 與其說(shuō)…不如說(shuō)， 不是…而是
He is more brave than wise. 他有勇無(wú)謀。
no more than 強(qiáng)調(diào)少，意為“只有，不過(guò)，僅僅”
not more than 客觀敘述，意為“不超過(guò)”
He has no more than five dollars on him.
他身上僅有5美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)少)
He has not more than five dollars on him.
他身上帶的錢(qián)不超過(guò)(僅有)5美元。(強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)額少于5美元)
8. set off for 開(kāi)始(旅程；賽跑)；出發(fā)
set off 出發(fā)、引爆
set about doing = set out to do
set aside 留出, 不顧, 取消, 駁回
set foot in/on
set fire to sth. =set sth. on fire
set in開(kāi)始, 到來(lái)； 上漲；插入, 嵌入；開(kāi)始,漲潮 / be set in 以…為背景
set up 設(shè)立, 豎立, 架起, 升起, 裝配, 創(chuàng)(紀(jì)錄), 提出, 開(kāi)業(yè)
set an example to sb.
set back (set back the project 使受挫/ set my watch back 2 minutes往后撥)
9. move on 繼續(xù)前進(jìn)
10. by day 在白天
11. lose one’s way 迷路
12. most of the way 大部分路程
區(qū)別：most & most of 在most+名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞是不定的，因此不能most the students, most us，而在most of +名詞結(jié)構(gòu)中，名詞是指定的，它必須帶有定冠詞或物主代詞等限定詞。
12. hang out 伸出
13. in desperate need of 在極度需要的(時(shí)候)
14. on our feet = on foot 步行
15. be accustomed to doing sth. (通常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))習(xí)慣于
16. suffer from 患病;遭受……之苦
17. hurry on to do sth. / (with) 趕緊辦理;急急忙忙地去做某事
18. stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做某事
19. go on all fours 用四肢 lie one’s back/stomach
20. reach the edge of 達(dá)到了…的邊緣 on the edge of 瀕于, 幾乎, 在邊緣
21. stare at 瞪視; 凝視 glare at 瞪著，怒視
23. come to an end 結(jié)束;終止
Integrating Skills
1. the eightieth anniversary of sth. …80周年紀(jì)念日
2. a race against time 與時(shí)間賽跑，搶時(shí)間
3. save…from 挽救……免于
4. there was widespread relief 足以令人欣慰
5. Every minute counted/counts. 沒(méi)分鐘都非常關(guān)鍵。
6. up to 一直到,等于
7. at stake 在危險(xiǎn)中；關(guān)系重大
8. the golden rays of the dawn 黎明的第一道曙光
9. a memorial to sb. / sth. 的紀(jì)念館
10. risk one’s life to do/doing 冒險(xiǎn)去做某事 risk doing
11. diseases of that kind 那樣的病
12. a historical event 歷史事件