詞的前綴和后綴
常見的單詞后綴
1. 名詞后綴
1> 以下單詞后綴構(gòu)成抽象名詞:
A -ery, -ry, 表示 “性質(zhì),場所” 如: slavery , bravery, nursery , bakery,
B. –ment 表示 “運動,結(jié)果” 如: development , movement , government, equipment, achievement.
C. –ness “狀態(tài),性質(zhì)” 如” kindness, darkness , illness, carelessness.
D. –sion “動作,狀態(tài)” 如: discussion , permission, impression.
E -tion “動作, 狀態(tài)” 如: action, attention, education, liberation.
F -ship “狀態(tài),身份” 如: friendship, membership , hardship
G -hood “身份,性質(zhì)” childhood boyhood brotherhood neighborhood
H -ism “主義, 行為, 特征” communism , socialism , materialism , criticism, racism
I -al “行為, 結(jié)果” refusal arrival
J -ing “ 物質(zhì),活動” farming,
K –dom “集體,領(lǐng)域” freedom, kingdom.
L –ful “充滿” spoonful , glassful.
M – er, -or “人,動作者” driver, leader, teacher, singer
-ian musician, politician technician
-ist socialist , communist scientist
-ese Chinese Japanese
- ess “女性, 雌性” waitress , actress , hostess, lioness.
2. 形容詞后綴
A. –al “…的” national , chemical, political
B. –an “…地, …人” African , American, Italian
C. –able “ 能夠” reasonable , suitable, terrible,
D. –ern “ 方向” southern, western, northern
E –ful “充滿” beautiful, careful , harmful.
F -ish “ 屬于, 稍微” British, Spanish , childish
3. 動詞后綴
A. –en deepen, loosen
B. –ize modernize, organize
C. –ify beautify
常見詞的前綴
A. em- en- “使 ， 使成為“ engage, ensure
C. de- “ …的反意， 去掉， 降低” deliver, decline , delay, decrease
D. cross- “ 跨越” cross- cultural cross roads
E centi- “百, 百分之一” centimeter, centigrade
F con- , com- “ 聯(lián)合” cofirm concentrate, compound
G bio- “生物的” biochemistry, biology, biological
H anti- “反對” antinuclear
I un-“ 不” unfit unsuccessful
non- non- smoker non-stop
dis- discount , discuss disturb
in- invisible
il- illegal
im- impossible
ir- irregular
mis- mistake misfortune.
J re- “重復(fù)” repeat, recycle
K co- “共同, 平等” cooperate
L over- “過度” over-sleep, over-eat
M super- “超級,超出”superpower , superstar
N vice- “副手” vice-president
O tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的” telephone, television
P kilo- “ 千” kilometer kilogram
在本單元中我們接觸到了verb-ed 與verb-ing 形式充當(dāng)形容詞的用法。鑒于這兩者是非謂語動詞的重要內(nèi)容。高考題中也經(jīng)常涉及一些題目。下面我們拓展以下verb-ed 與verb-ing形式的用法：
1. verb-ing 的形式
A 動詞-ing形式的一般式
1> 動詞-ing形式的一般式可用來泛指一個動作，沒有特別的時間意義。
Swimming is her favorite sport.
游泳是她最喜歡的體育運動。
Learning is important to modern life.
學(xué)習(xí)對現(xiàn)代生活很重要。
2> 動詞-ing形式的一般式可用來表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。
They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.
他們有說有笑地走出教室。
3> 動詞-ing形式的一般式有時也可表示在謂語動詞的動作之前或之后發(fā)生的動作。
I remembered sending him an e-mail last week.
我記得上星期給他發(fā)過一份電子郵件。
He suggested taking my daughter to the zoo the next Sunday. 他建議下個星期天帶我女兒去動物園。
B 動詞-ing形式的完成式
動詞-ing形式的完成式表示一個已完成的動作，這個動作發(fā)生或完成在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.
在現(xiàn)代英語中，作賓語的動詞-ing形式的完成式可用一般式來代替。
I really regretted missing such an exciting lecture.
錯過了這么振奮人心的演講，我真的很遺憾。
(=I really regretted having missed such an exciting lecture.)
We remembered seeing the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
(=We remembered having seen the film.)
C 動詞-ing形式的被動形式
動詞-ing形式的被動形式表示它的邏輯主語是動詞-ing形式表示的動作的承受者。
The question being discussed is very important.
正在討論的問題很重要。
I can‘t stand being kept waiting.
我不堪久等。
Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the school library.
在被帶去看了實驗室之后，我們又被帶去參觀校圖書館。
D 動詞-ing形式的否定形式
動詞-ing形式的否定形式由not加動詞-ing形式構(gòu)成。
His not coming made everyone present very disappointed.
他沒來使在場的每個人都很失望。
verb-ing 的用法:
A 動詞-ing形式作主語
1 動詞-ing形式可直接置于句首作主語。
Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe.
百聞不如一見。
2 為了保持句子平衡，通常用先行詞it作形式主語，而把真正的主語放在句末。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
作無益的后悔是沒有用的。
It's a waste of time arguing about it.
爭論這事是浪費時間。
動詞-ing形式作主語的幾個常用句型。
It‘s no good talking to him. 和他談話是沒有用的。
It is useless telephoning him. He is not willing to come.
給他打電話沒用。他不愿意來。
It‘s worth making an effort. 努力一下是值得的。
There is no saying when it will stop raining.
無法斷定這場雨什么時候會停。
There is no joking about such matters. 這種事開不得玩笑。
B 動詞-ing形式作表語
1 表示主語的內(nèi)容
Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible. 她的工作是盡量使報告廳保持干凈。
2 表示主語具有的特征
The problem is quite puzzling. 這個問題很令困惑。
C 動詞-ing形式作賓語
動詞-ing形式既可作及物動詞的賓語，也可作介詞的賓語。
能用動詞-ing形式作賓語的及物動詞可分兩類，一類是只能用動詞-ing形式作賓語，另一類是既可用動詞-ing形式作賓語，也可用不定式作賓語。
只接動詞-ing形式而不接不定式作賓語的動詞有：
admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激 avoid 避免
put off 推遲 keep 保持 consider 考慮
delay 耽擱 dislike 嫌惡 resist抵制
mention 提及 enjoy 喜歡 escape 避免
excuse 原諒 practice 練習(xí) mind介意
fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成
risk 冒險 include 包括 forgive 原諒
give up 放棄 suggest 建議 miss 逃過
imagine 設(shè)想 cannot help 情不自禁
D 動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語
1 動詞-ing形式可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, smell, look at, listen to, observe, find等表示感官和心理狀態(tài)的動詞后面作賓語補足語，和一個名詞或代詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。
We heard the children shouting upstairs.
我們聽見孩子們在樓上叫喊。
I felt my heart beating violently.
我覺得我的心在猛烈地跳動。
2 動詞-ing形式和不定式作賓語補足語的區(qū)別。
在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官動詞后，既可用動詞-ing形式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，也可用不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，兩者之間有一定的區(qū)別。用動詞-ing形式時，表示動作正在進(jìn)行；用不定式時，表示動作發(fā)生了，即動作的全過程結(jié)束了。
He saw a girl getting on the bus.
他看見一個女孩在上公共汽車。
He saw a girl get on the bus and drive off.
他看見一個女孩上公共汽車后開走了。
3 動詞-ing形式也可用在have, get, leave, keep, set, catch等表示"致使"的動詞后作賓語補足語。
They should not leave us wondering what they will do next.
他們不應(yīng)該不讓我們知道他們下一步要做什么。
I won't have you running about in the room.
我不允許你在房間里跑來跑去。
We kept the fire burning all night long.
我們讓火整夜燃燒著。
注意:
如果賓語補足語是一系列的動作，通常只能用不定式來表示，不用動詞-ing形式。
I saw him enter the room sit down and light a cigarette.
我看見他走進(jìn)房間，坐了下來，點燃了一根香煙。
E 動詞-ing形式作定語
1 單個的動詞-ing形式可以作前置定語，一般具有兩種含義。
① 說明被修飾名詞的用途和性能。
a reading room = a room which is used for reading 閱覽室
running shoes =shoes for running 跑鞋
a working method =a method of working 工作方法
For example:
a drawing board 畫板 a sewing machine 縫紉機
a swimming pool 游泳池 a waiting room 候車室
a dining car 餐車 a driving permit 駕駛許可證
a singing competition 歌詠比賽 a walking stick 手杖
② 表示所修飾的人或物的動作或狀態(tài)，在意思上接近一個定語從句，可以表示正在進(jìn)行的動作，也可表示經(jīng)常性動作或當(dāng)時的狀態(tài)。
developing countries = countries that are developing
發(fā)展中國家
an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary
看起來很普通的房子
a puzzling problem = a problem that puzzles somebody
困擾人的問題
2 作定語的動詞-ing形式如是一個短語，則應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面。
The bottle containing vinegar should be sent to the laboratory.
裝著醋的那個瓶子應(yīng)送到實驗室去
They lived in a house facing south.
他們住在一所朝南的房子里。
3 某些情況下，動詞-ing形式不能用來作定語，必須用定語從句。
① 作定語的動詞-ing形式表示的動作要與主句謂語的動作同時發(fā)生，如兩者不能同時發(fā)生的話，則需使用定語從句。
【誤】The professor coming here yesterday will give us a lecture.
【正】The professor who came here yesterday will give us a lecture.
昨天來的教授將要給我們作一個講座。
② 動詞-ing形式的完成式一般只用來作狀語，不作定語。
【誤】The temple having been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
【正】The temple which has been destroyed by the earthquake will be rebuilt soon.
被地震毀壞的廟宇很快就要重建了。
F 動詞-ing形式作狀語
動詞-ing形式可以作狀語，修飾動詞，在句中表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、行為方式或伴隨情況等。動詞-ing形式作時間、原因、條件、讓步狀語時多位于句首；作結(jié)果、伴隨情況狀語時常位于句末。
1 表示時間，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。
Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination.
我們已經(jīng)作好了充分準(zhǔn)備，現(xiàn)在可以應(yīng)考了。(= After we have made full preparations...)
2 表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.
由于生病，他昨天沒有上學(xué)。(= Since he was ill...)
3 表示結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個并列謂語。
His father died, leaving him a lot of money.
= and left him a lot of money.
他父親死了，留給他許多錢.
4 表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。
Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.
=If you work hard at your lessons...如果你努力學(xué)習(xí)，就一定能成功。
5 表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個讓步狀語從句。
Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
= Although they knew all this...盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。
6 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明，相當(dāng)于一個并列結(jié)構(gòu)。
He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.
= ...and stared at the sky for a long time
他躺在草地上，長時間地望著天空。
2. verb－ed形式
1 動詞－ed形式表示已完成的動作。
除了作形容詞用的動詞-ed形式外，動詞-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時也帶有被動的意義。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.
由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大，他對生物很感興趣。
One of the glasses was found broken.
有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個杯子破了。
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
魯迅寫的這些書，受到了許多中國人的喜愛。
2 及物動詞的－ed形式一般表示被動的意思。
Given more time, I could have solved that riddle.
要是有充足的時間，我就能猜出那個謎語。
(句子的主語I和動詞give之間是被動關(guān)系。)
When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood.
你說英語的時候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。
(賓語yourself和賓語補足語understand之間是被動關(guān)系。)
The experience gained in the army was of great value to our study.
在軍隊獲得的經(jīng)驗對我們的學(xué)習(xí)很有幫助。
3 不及物動詞－ed形式只表示完成的意義，并不帶有被動的含義。
an escaped prisoner 逃犯 = a prisoner who has escaped
a retired worker 退休工人= a worker who has retired
a newly arrived guest 新來的客人
= a guest who has just arrived
People should pay attention to the changed situation.
人們應(yīng)該注意到變化了的形勢。
verb-ed 用法
A 動詞－ed形式作表語
1 動詞－ed形式在連系動詞后作表語，說明主語的狀態(tài)。
The students are fully prepared.
學(xué)生們已做好了充分的準(zhǔn)備。
When we got there, the shop was closed.
我們到那兒時，商店已經(jīng)關(guān)門了。
比較
要把動詞-ed形式作表語和被動語態(tài)區(qū)別開來。作表語的-ed形式表示狀態(tài)，被動語態(tài)表示被動動作。
Peter the Great is buried here. 彼得大帝就埋葬在這里。
Peter the Great was buried here in 1725.
彼得大帝于1725年被埋葬在這里。
2 同一動詞的－ed形式與－ing形式作表語時的區(qū)別。
動詞-ed形式作表語，主要表示主語的心理感覺或所處的狀態(tài)，含有被動的意思，而動詞-ing形式作表語多表示主語具有的特征，含有主動的意思。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.
他們聽到那可怕的聲音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved.
看到這么動人的情景，所有在場的人都感動了。
比較：
amusing 使人高興的 amused 開心的
encouraging 鼓舞人心的 encouraged 受鼓勵的
disappointing 令人失望的 disappointed 失望的
exciting 使人激動的 excited 激動的
puzzling 迷惑人的 puzzled 迷惑的
satisfying 令人滿意的 satisfied 感到滿意的
Worrying 令人煩惱的 worried 煩惱的
tiring 引起疲勞的 tired 疲勞的
pleasing 令人愉快的 pleased 高興的
astonishing 令人驚訝的 astonished 驚訝的
B 動詞－ed形式作賓語補足語
當(dāng)作賓語補足語的動詞和前面的賓語之間是被動關(guān)系時，一般應(yīng)用動詞-ed形式作賓語補足語。
1 在感覺動詞see, hear, feel, notice, watch, find等后作賓語補足語。
I heard the Ninth Symphony played last night.
昨晚我聽了第九交響樂的演奏。
We found all the rivers seriously polluted.
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的河流都被嚴(yán)重污染了。
比 較
動詞get后也可接動詞不定式或動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語，和賓語是主動關(guān)系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我無法把汽車發(fā)動起來。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。
2 在使役動詞get, have, make, leave, keep等后作賓語補足語。
① 動詞-ed形式作get的賓語補足語。
Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital.
多麗絲在醫(yī)院把壞牙拔了。
I'll just get these dishes washed and then I'll come.
我得先把盤子洗了，然后就來。
② 動詞-ed形式作make的賓語補足語。
He raised his voice in order to make himself heard.
他提高了嗓門為了使別人聽清他的講話。
You should make your views known to the public.
你應(yīng)該讓公眾知道你的觀點。
③動詞-ed形式作keep或leave的賓語補足語。
They all went home, leaving all the work undone.
所有的工作都沒完成，他們就回家了。
The detective and his assistant kept themselves locked in the room all night.
偵探和他的助手把自己整夜反鎖在房。
比 較
動詞get后也可接動詞不定式或動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語，和賓語是主動關(guān)系。
I couldn't get the car to start this morning.
今早我無法把汽車發(fā)動起來。
He got his sister to help him with his clothes.
他讓姐姐幫他洗衣服。
It is not hard to get him talking; the problem is stopping him!
讓他說話不難，難的是說開了止不住他。
Can you really get that old clock going again?
你真的能讓那只舊鐘再走起來嗎？
動詞make后的賓語補足語可用不帶to的動詞不定式或動詞-ed形式，但不可用動詞-ing形式。
【誤】Can you make the students understanding the text?
【正】Can you make the students understand the text? 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？
【正】Can you make the text understood by the students? 你能讓學(xué)生理解這篇課文嗎？
3 動詞－ed形式也可用在with (without) 結(jié)構(gòu)中，作介詞的賓語補足語。
With everything well arranged, he left the office.
一切都安排妥善之后，他離開了辦公室。
She has come back with her backpack filled with interesting picture-books.
她已經(jīng)回來了，背包里塞滿了有趣的圖書。
Without any more time given, we couldn't finish the task in three weeks.
如果不再給我們?nèi)魏螘r間的話，我們?nèi)瞧谥畠?nèi)完成不了任務(wù)。
4 某些動詞后(如want, need, prefer, would like等)，作賓語補足語的不定式被動形式省略“to be”，就成了動詞－ed形式作賓語補足語。
I would like this matter (to be) settled immediately.
我希望這事立即得到解決。
The peasants don't want good farmland (to be) built on.
農(nóng)民們不想讓好好的農(nóng)田被用來建造房子。
現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作賓語補足語的區(qū)別：
whom flns+sb do (經(jīng)常性動作)
+sb doing sth.（正在進(jìn)行）
+sth done（被動）
C 動詞－ed形式作定語
1 前置定語
單個動詞-ed形式作定語一般放在被修飾的名詞之前，作前置定語。
A watched pot never boils.
心急鍋不開。
All the broken doors and windows have been repaired.
所有的壞門窗都修好了。
When we arrived, we each were given a printed question paper.
我們到達(dá)的時候，每人被發(fā)給了一份印制好的試卷。
提 示
如要表示強調(diào)，單個動詞-ed形式也可作后置定語。
Money spent is more than money earned.
入不敷出。
2 后置定語
作后置定語的動詞-ed形式一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分，在語法上相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。
We have read many novels written by this author.
我們讀過這個作家寫的許多小說。
(= that are written by this author)
Half of the honoured guests invited to the reception were foreign ambassadors.被邀請到招待會上的貴賓有一半都是外國大使。(= who had been invited to the reception)
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.這次會議獲得很大的成功，共有一千名學(xué)生出席了。
(= which was attended by one thousand students)
A woman, dressed like a lawyer, came in and took her seat as judge.一個律師裝扮的女人走了進(jìn)來，并作為法官就座。
(= who was dressed like a lawyer)
3 動詞－ed形式作定語和－ing形式作定語的區(qū)別
動詞-ed形式作定語表示動作已完成，而動詞-ing形式作定語表示動詞正在進(jìn)行。
the risen sun 升起了的太陽 the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
boiled water 開水 boiling water 正沸騰的水
fallen leaves 落葉 falling leaves 正在飄落的葉子
changed condition 改變了的情況
changing condition 變化著的情況
developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家
developing countries 發(fā)展中國家
自測天地
D 動詞－ed形式作狀語
動詞-ed形式作狀語和動詞-ing形式作狀語一樣，也可以表示時間、原因、條件、讓步、方式或伴隨情況等。
1 表示時間
動詞-ed形式作狀語表示時間，相當(dāng)于一個時間狀語從句。
Seen from the tower, the city looks beautiful.
從塔上往下看，城市顯得很美麗。
(= When the city is seen from the tower...)
Shown the lab, we were taken to see the library.
帶我們參觀了實驗室之后，又帶我們參觀了圖書館。
(= After we had been shown the lab ...)
Completely examined by the doctors, he went back to school right away.經(jīng)過醫(yī)生徹底檢查以后，他立刻回到了學(xué)校。
(= After he was completely examined...)
有時動詞-ed形式前可加連詞when, while等來強調(diào)時間概念。
Once recovered, he went all out to do his work.
一恢復(fù)健康，他就全力以赴地干起了工作。
When asked why she was late for class again, she hung her head in shame.
當(dāng)被問到為什么上課又遲到時，她羞愧地低下了頭。
Once started, the clock will go half a month and keep good time.
一旦給這鐘上了發(fā)條，它就會走半個月，并且走得很準(zhǔn)。
2 表示原因
動詞-ed形式作狀語表示原因，相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。
Moved by the heroic deeds, the children couldn't help crying.
孩子們被英雄事跡感動，情不自禁地哭了起來。
(= Since they were moved by the heroic deeds ...)
Written in haste, her letter is very hard to read.
因為寫得快，她的信很難閱讀。
(= As it was written in haste ...)
Excited by the new discovery, we decided to go out and celebrate.
我們因為新發(fā)現(xiàn)而激動萬分，決定出去慶祝一下。
(= Because we were excited by...)
3 表示條件
動詞-ed形式作狀語表示條件，相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。
Heated, water changes into steam. 加熱，水就能變成蒸汽。
(= If water is heated...)
Given more time, he would be able to do better.
假如多給一些時間，他會干得更出色。
(= If he was given more time ...)
Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker. 與其他教授相比，她是一個優(yōu)秀的演說家。
(= If she was compared with other protessors...)
為了使-ed形式表示的條件、動詞讓步意義更加明顯，我們可以加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞。
Even if invited, I won't go. 即使受到邀請，我也不去。
Though beaten by the opposite team, they did not lose heart.
雖然被對手打敗，但他們并沒有喪失信心。
Unless invited, he will not come back to the company.
除非被邀請，不然他不會回到公司來的。
4 表示讓步
動詞-ed形式作狀語表示讓步，相當(dāng)于一個though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.盡管已經(jīng)跑得筋疲力盡，他們還是繼續(xù)追趕著那個強盜。
(= Although they were exhausted by the running ...)
Laughed at by many people, he continued his research.
盡管被許多人嘲笑，他還是繼續(xù)他的研究。
(= Even if he was laughed by many people ...)
有時動詞-ed形式作狀語和動詞-ing形式被動式作狀語，并沒有多大的區(qū)別，可以互換。
Suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school.
= Being suddenly seized with a high fever, he was unable to attend school. 他因突然發(fā)熱不能來上學(xué)。
Brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
= Having been brought up in the countryside, he found it hard to get used to town life.
因為是在農(nóng)村長大的，他感到很難適應(yīng)城鎮(zhèn)生活。
5 表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明
動詞-ed形式作狀語表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明時，通常位于句子的后面，相當(dāng)于一個并列分句。
The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.
老師站在那兒，被學(xué)生圍住了。
(= and he was surrounded by the students)
He went into the office, followed by some children.
他走進(jìn)辦公室，后面跟著一些孩子。
(= and he was followed by some children)
動詞的-ed形式在句中不能用作主語或賓語。
【誤】I cannot stand laughed at.
【正】I cannot stand being laughed at.
我不能容忍被人嘲笑。
【誤】Invited to the state banquet is a great honour.
【正】To be invited to the state banquet is a great honour.